Spill-over

Contact with Drum at temperatures low enough to protect operator due to operator against thermal injury spill, over flow, hot drum, etc. CCPS G-15 CCPS G-22 CCPS G-29... 

An important design detail is that the inlet line should be sloped at least 30" from the horizontal and the diameters of the vertical and sloped legs of the Y-seal are sized such that a 3 m slug of water is pressured back up the sloping inlet line, without spilling over into the header, in the event of flashback. Note that this requires an enlarged diameter section in the vertical leg of the Y-seal. The seal is maintained by a continuous flow of water at 1.26 dm /s and the water makeup is provided with steam injection, if required for winterizing or cold releases. 

At Qatar, the liquid came out with such force that it spilled over the dike wall. Conventional dike walls also have the disadvantage that a large area of liquid is exposed to the atmosphere if a leak occurs. For these reasons it is now usual to surround cryogenic storage tanks with a concrete wall, about 1 m from the tank and the full height of the tank. If the tank is not made from crack-resistant material, then the concrete wall should be designed to withstand the effects of a sudden release of liquid. 

The difficulty of the critical charge can be overcome by allowing any surplus liquid refrigerant leaving the evaporator to spill over... 

There is considerable evolution of carbon dioxide and consequent frothing during acidification. Care must be exercised so that the contents of the flask do not spill over. 

Henry s enthusiasm for chemistry spilled over into just about every other aspect of his life. Each year he challenged his students to a 50-yard dash held at the stadium of the University of Utah. He continued these races until he was in his mid-70s. Henry never won, but on one occasion he did make the CBS evening news. 

Nonpolarizable interfaces correspond to interfaces on which a reversible reaction takes place. An Ag wire in a solution containing Ag+ions is a classic example of a nonpolarizable interface. As the metal is immersed in solution, the following phenomena occur3 (1) solvent molecules at the metal surface are reoriented and polarized (2) the electron cloud of the metal surface is redistributed (retreats or spills over) (3) Ag+ ions cross the phase boundary (the net direction depends on the solution composition). At equilibrium, an electric potential drop occurs so that the following electrochemical equilibrium is established ... 

The second part of the book deals with the use of above method in physical and chemical studies. In addition to illustration load, this part of the book has a separate scientific value. The matter is that as examples the book provides a detailed description of the studies of sudi highly interesting processes as adsorption, catalysis, pyrolysis, photolysis, radiolysis, spill-over effect as well as gives an insight to such problems as behavior of free radicals at phase interface, interaction of electron-excited particles with the surface of solid body, effect of restructuring of the surface of adsorbent on development of different heterogeneous processes. 

Plane oxide sensors were used to study lateral diffusion of H-atoms and spill-over effect. 

Fig. 2.1. Plausible mechanisms of influence of metal particles deposited on adsorbent on adsorption-caused response of its electrophysical characteristics a - chemical sensitization the dope particles cause the activation and spill-over of adsorbate b - electronic sensitization the dope particles become donors or acceptors of electrons in dependence on the conditions in gas phase.

Seeking Spill-Over Technologies from other fields as Solutions or to Derive more immediate Benefits from Environmental Technologies. 

Exploitation of Spill-Over Technologies from other sectors (e.g., from mining or defence to agriculture or forestry). 

The picture of the compact double layer is further complicated by the fact that the assumption that the electrons in the metal are present in a constant concentration which discontinuously decreases to zero at the interface in the direction towards the solution is too gross a simplification. Indeed, Kornyshev, Schmickler, and Vorotyntsev have pointed out that it is necessary to assume that the electron distribution in the metal and its surroundings can be represented by what is called a jellium the positive metal ions represent a fixed layer of positive charges, while the electron plasma spills over the interface into the compact layer, giving rise to a surface dipole. This surface dipole, together with the dipoles of the solvent molecules, produces the total capacity value of the compact double layer. 

The blowdown tank is located on the south side of the plant where winds will not generally carry any spills over the plant. 

Also, a mechanism involving the surface diffusion of NO ad-species towards reduced Pt sites cannot be excluded (Figure 6.14b) [11], In this case, NO spills over the surface and is decomposed at reduced Pt sites. The role of the reductant in this mechanism is... 

This helps explain58,73 why simple variational calculations can give good work functions only the electronic tail, spilling over from the positive background, is involved in the surface contribution. Equation (32) also holds72 for the charged interface, in the form... 

Figure 4.1 summarizes the different routes that can potentially lead to carbon deposition during FTS (a) CO dissociation occurs on cobalt to form an adsorbed atomic carbon, which is also referred to as surface carbide, which can further react to produce the FT intermediates and products. The adsorbed atomic carbon may also form bulk carbide or a polymeric type of carbon. Carbon deposition may also result (b) from the Boudouard reaction and (c) due to further reaction and dehydrogenation of the FTS product (what is commonly called coke), a reaction that should be limited at typical FT reaction conditions. Carbon formed on the surface of cobalt can also spill over or migrate to the support. This is reported to readily occur on Co/A1203 catalysts.43 The chemical nature of the carbonaceous deposits during FTS will depend on the conditions of temperature and pressure, the age of the catalyst, the chemical nature of the feed, and the products formed. 

Semimetals show metallic conductivity due to the overlap of a filled and an empty band. In this case electrons spill over from the filled band into the bottom of the empty band until the Fermi surface intersects both sets of bands. In semimetals holes and electrons coexist even at 0 K. 

This chapter examines an issue that is one of the key determinants of the future of the West European chlor-alkali industry. It examines the environmental, economic, financial and political aspects of a debate whose effects are likely to spill over into North America and Asia - and to affect the development of the chlor-alkali industry world-wide. 

As shown by Moore (1984 126), the velocity is only equal to the multiplier under the assumption that the period of production and the period dining which the multiplier is completed are the same as the period during which a given volume of money circulates. Under this assumption, the magnitude of spill-over effects, associated with an initial money outlay on investment through the multiplier process, provides an equilibrium constraint on the size of the velocity.8... 

The parallel assumption of the circuit approach is that the multiplier is also equal to 1, meaning that there are no income-expenditure spill-over effects between sectors, with the amount advanced having no multiplied impact upon income. The multiplier relationship in (4.23) can be presented as a general model in which the multiplier/velocity is a parameter that can vary in value. From this perspective, the Graziani and single swap models represent a particularly narrow case in which the value of this parameter is restricted to 1. 

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