Instrumentation detail design

Should you need any new instrumentation, either for monitoring processes or for measuring quality characteristics, you need to make provision for its development. You will need to develop detail specifications of the instrumentation, and design, manufacture, inspect, and install the instruments under controlled conditions which meet the requirements of the standard. 

In the detailed design stage, everything must be specified. Each phase of the preliminary design must now be done in much more detail. The flow sheets develop into piping and instrument diagrams. The duty requirements for a piece of equipment become a specification sheet. The layout drawings may be replaced by a scale model, and a construction bid or detailed cost estimate is obtained to verify the previous cost estimate. 

The detailed design and construction of instruments used in the various branches of spectrometry are very different and at first sight there may seem to be little in common between an X-ray fluorescence analyser and a flame photometer. On closer examination, however, certain common features emerge and parallels between the functions of the various parts of the different instruments are observed. The basic functions of any spectrometer are threefold (Figure 7.4) ... 

The first step is to have a complete and detailed description of the system, process, or procedure under consideration. This must include physical properties of the materials, operating temperatures and pressures, detailed flow sheets, instrument diagrams of the process, materials of construction, other detailed design specifications, and so forth. The more detailed and up-to-date this information is, the better the result of the analysis. 

Common characteristics of all viable process Raman instruments include the ability to measure at multiple locations, simultaneously or sequentially and in a variety of electrically classified or challenging environments with no special utilities. The instrument must be reasonably rugged and compact, and not require much attention, servicing, or calibration.12 Modem process Raman instruments essentially are turnkey systems. It is no longer necessary to understand the optical properties and other instrument details to successfully use the technique. The general design options will be described briefly, but more information is... 

Action Prepare detailed designs for the chemical engineering units in the plant. Consider energy conservation measures and the process control and instrumentation required as the designs are performed. Prepare a design specification sheet for each unit. Detail the specific energy conservation schemes considered and adopted,... 

Deployment of policy instruments including detailed design of legal, organizational, financial, and operational instruments for the effective implementation of the policy... 

Instrumental Techniques. Ion beam irradiation of samples was performed by focusing 2.1 MeV He2+ ions, using an Ionex Tandetron accelerator, to a spot size of approximately 4 mm2. Ion beam currents were held constant at 10 nA. Radiation effects were determined by varying the total charge on the sample between 0 and 20 pC. RBS spectra were collected with the samples at an angle of 45° with respect to the incident beam additional instrumental details can be found elsewhere (20). Spectral simulations were performed using the RUMP method designed by Doolittle (21). 

The types of documentation produced during the instrument application design process are listed below, and the content of each document is described in more detail in Appendix 23E. 

The sequence of engineering was adapted to the special requirements of the project. Initially, process design was completed for the three process units and the process instrument diagrams were developed. The support facilities were scoped in sufficient detail to develop the overall site plan and to determine the real estate required for site selection and the preparation of the EIR. After the EIR was submitted, detailed design started with the preparation of equipment material requisitions for fabrication and delivery of long delivery items such as compressors, large vessels, etc. 

Instrument. The analytical instrument for these experiments is shown schematically in Figure 1. This instrument was designed and built at The Dow Chemical Company for measuring the permeation of flavor and aroma compounds through polymer films. The gas handling section of the instrument contains the plumbing, containers of aroma solutions, and the experimental film. This enclosure is insulated, and the temperature can be controlled, + l C, from subambient to about 150 C. The detector is a Hewlett-Packard 5970 mass spectrometer. More details are available (2). 

A new flash photolysis instrument, especially designed to generate hydrated electrons and study their reactions, is described in detail. With a new three-dimensional multiple reflection cell and its capacity to produce up to 10 7M e aq in a single 40-fisec. light pulse, this instrument provides adequate sensitivity for determining e aq rate constants and for use in analytical chemistry. With this instrument less than 10 9M e aq may be detected. 

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