System Design Considerations

Among continuous reactors, the dominant system used to produce parasubstituted alkylphenols is a fixed-bed reactor holding a soHd acid catalyst. Figure 3 shows an example of this type of reactor. The phenol and alkene are premixed and heated or cooled to the desired feed temperature. This mix is fed to the reactor where it contacts the porous soHd, acid-impregnated catalyst. A key design consideration for this type of reactor is the removal of the heat of reaction. 

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS IN FOSSIL FUEL COMBUSTION SYSTEMS... 

Design considerations and costs of the catalyst, hardware, and a fume control system are direcdy proportional to the oven exhaust volume. The size of the catalyst bed often ranges from 1.0 m at 0°C and 101 kPa per 1000 m /min of exhaust, to 2 m for 1000 m /min of exhaust. Catalyst performance at a number of can plant installations has been enhanced by proper maintenance. Annual analytical measurements show reduction of solvent hydrocarbons to be in excess of 90% for 3—6 years, the equivalent of 12,000 to 30,000 operating hours. When propane was the only available fuel, the catalyst cost was recovered by fuel savings (vs thermal incineration prior to the catalyst retrofit) in two to three months. In numerous cases the fuel savings paid for the catalyst in 6 to 12 months. 

A knowledge of the properties and behavior of materials used in any ciyogenic system is essential for proper design considerations. Often... 

Mechanical Design Considerations The paper by Speechly et al., ( Principles of Total Containment System Design, presented at... 

This is a vast subject, on which extensive research has been done by many authors over the years. The grounding stations in such areas are normally spread over the entire station, and sometimes may even extend beyond its boundary to achieve the desired results. Here we discuss briefly, the basic criteria behind the requirement of a grounding system in a power station and its design considerations. 

Introduction Types of metal-enclosed bus systems Design parameters and service conditions for a metal enclosed bus system Short-circuit effects Service conditions Other design considerations Skin effect Proximity effect Sample calculation for designing a 2500 A non-isolaled phase aluminium busbar systern... 

This is an important part of the pump system and should be thought of as a very speeialized piping design. Considerable attention must be direeted to the pump suetion piping to ensure satisfactory pump operation. 

Designs and systems should minimize potential harmful exposures in both normal and emergency operations. This consideration affects the location of normal and emergency drains and vents. 

This discussion will address needs, applications, performance characteristics, and design considerations for LVHV exhaust ventilation. The applications are primarily for dust control. LVHV systems can be effective for protecting workers from dust exposures and for recovering valuable process materials. The equipment, excepting the nozzles, involves technology that is the same as for large central vacuum cleaning systems. 

Several reported chemical systems of gas-liquid precipitation are first reviewed from the viewpoints of both experimental study and industrial application. The characteristic feature of gas-liquid mass transfer in terms of its effects on the crystallization process is then discussed theoretically together with a summary of experimental results. The secondary processes of particle agglomeration and disruption are then modelled and discussed in respect of the effect of reactor fluid dynamics. Finally, different types of gas-liquid contacting reactor and their respective design considerations are overviewed for application to controlled precipitate particle formation. 

Design Considerations with Respect to Other System Components... 

Piping and Flame Arrester System Design Considerations... 

Define plant areas handling hazardous and lethal materials and set rules for design considerations, such as ventilation, explosion walls, etc. Flammable storage materials may require enclosed dikes, foam systems and the like. Refer to National Board of Fire Underwriters or specific insurance company to coordinate recommended protection. Attaway has details on many points to consider. 

Coal burners demand design consideration in all the aspects mentioned under gas and oil burners, but, in addition, need attention to the aspect of ash removal. The extent to which ash removal plays a part in the combustion system design often determines the ability of the burner to burn specific coals, particularly those with a high ash content. Principal types are as follows. 

Local extract systems are designed specifically to remove fumes, dust, mists, heat, etc. at source from machinery and fume cupboards. The main design considerations are capture of the contaminant, which will normally involve special hoods or cabins, and extract at sufficient velocity... 

The fundamental design considerations of a sliding-vane compressor are the rotor assembly, cylinder housing, and the lubrication system. 

Design considerations in relation to protective coating systems... 

A wide variety of protective coating types and systems is available for corrosion control on external and internal surfaces of structural and process plant in marine and offshore engineering. These are discussed in detail elsewhere in this text, and the purpose here is to highlight the critical importance of certain design and related operational aspects which affect both the selection and performance of protective coating systems. The following design considerations should be made ... 

The latter part of this chapter has dealt with the design considerations for a sacrificial anode cathodic protection system. It has outlined the important parameters and how each contributes to the overall design. This is only an introduction and guide to the basic principles cathodic protection design using sacrificial anodes and should be viewed as such. In practice the design of these systems can be complex and can require experienced personnel. 

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