Deoxyribonucleic acid modified

An in vitro study. Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed. 17 (6) 272-277 Santella, R.M., Rosenkranz, H.S., and Speck, W.T. (1978). Intracellular deoxyribonucleic acid — modifying activity of intermittent phototherapy, J. Pediatr. 93 106-109 Schenker, S., McCandless, D.W., and ZoUman, P. (1966). Studies of cellular toxicity of unconjugated bilirubin in kemicteric brain. J. Clin. Invest. 45 1213-1220 Schenker, S., Hoyumpa, A.M., and McCandless, D.W. (1986). Bilirubin toxicity to the brain (ker-nicterus) and other tissues. In Bile Pigments and Jaundice. Ed., by Ostrow, J.D., Marcel Dekkker, NY... 

A new phytoremediation technology is being developed for treating heavy-metal-contaminated soils. Researchers at the University of Georgia have modified two bacterial genes, merA and merB, and inserted them into the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of certain plants, enabling them... 

Figure 7.5 Example of a chimeric oligonucleic acid and its modification. Chimeric RNA-DNA hybrids are used for correction of point mutations in target genes. One strand of this oligonucleic acid is composed of O-methyl-RNA (outline) with an interruption of 5 bases of deoxyribonucleic acid. X and Y are target residues for correction. In the complementary strand, there is a DNA nick, and T residues loop both ends. 3 -exonuclease and FEN-1 may act on the nick, PARP-1 possibly binds to and is activated by the nick, resulting in activation of damage response pathways. In the modified version, the 3 end is replaced by ribonucleic acids. The 5 end is extended, and the flipped back RNA tail is added. Thus, the nick is expected to be resistant to 3 -exonuclease and FEN-1. In addition, PARP-1 may not be activated by such a nick.

Fundamental knowledge of the structure, function and mechanism of DNA-modifying enzymes has been important not only in understanding how these enzymes perform a myriad of chemical reactions Ml vZvo but also for the development of the field of recombinant DNA technology. The functions of the major groups of enzymes in deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis, hydrolysis and modification are reviewed, as well as some structural and mechanistic aspects of the restriction endonucleases, ligases and polymerases. 

Figure 1.2 also shows the ring and open-chain structures of fructose and ribose. The p form of ribose occurs in the ribonucleic add (RNA), The p form of 2Hleoxyribose, a modified form of ribose, occurs tn deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA),... 

CNTs present good electrical communication, which renders feasible the electron transfer from protein to the electrode. For this reason many laboratories have turned their scientific interests in the fabrication of CNT-modified electrodes onto which enzymes or nucleic acids are immobilized. As it can be seen from Table 2.3, most of the works in the field of CNT-protein conjugates are about the development of new biosensors. CNT-biosensors have shown efficient electrical communications and promising sensitivities required for applications as antigen recognition, enzyme-catalyzed reactions and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) hybridizations [124]. The presence of CNTs facilitates the transportation of the signal from the enzyme to the electrode. The use of CNT-modified electrodes permits... 

Medical applications of alkaloids led to the production of drugs and drug components. They can be based on a pure natural alkaloid, as in the ease of extracts. Purified alkaloids, partially and even totally synthesized compounds based on the natural alkaloid structure, are also used. Chemically modified alkaloids are yet another example, and their new structure effects stronger biological activity. Moreover, the trend in the science is to find interaction between molecules and receive some biological benefit from this interaction. One of examples can be an interaction of thionine (tricyclic heteroaromatic molecule) with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Moreover,... 

The benefits of modifying EIS structures with LbL films to achieve biosensors with improved performance was also reported by Abouzar et al., who observed an amplification of the signal response upon alternating layers of polyelectrolytes and enzymes as gate membranes on the p-Si-Si02 EIS structure [99]. A new variant of EIS sensors has been produced, which comprised an array of individually addressable nanoplate field-effect capacitive biochemical sensors with an SOI (silicon-on-insulator) stmcture to determine pH and detect penicillin. It also allows for the label-free electrical monitoring of formation of polyelectrolyte multilayers and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)-hybridization event [100]. 

Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) itself and rather large scale of nucleic acids are utilized as biorecognition elements at DNA biosensors which represent often a type of DNA-modified... 

Every living cell contains a set of instructions that dictates the amino acid composition of its proteins and is responsible for programming its development and structural organization. These instructions are readily passed from one generation of cells to another and are only modified in exceptional circumstances. The instructions are coded in molecules of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which constitute the genome (defined as a complete set of hereditary factors). In... 

Tang, H., J. Chen, K. Cui, L. Nie, Y. Kuang, and S. Yao. Immobilization and electrooxidation of calf thymus deoxyribonucleic acid at alkylamine modified carbon nanotube electrode and its interaction with promethazine hydrochloride. J. Electroanal. 

Over the last 30 years or so, the chemical synthesis of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) has constituted one of the most challenging problems in the field of the synthetic organic chemistry of natural products. In more recent times, attention has been focused not on natural nucleic acid fragments, but on the preparation of nucleic acids bearing modified internucleotidic linkages or modified bases in an effort to enhance stability to nucleases and increase cellular uptake. 

The hypothesis of Stedman and Stedman (1951), which is supported by the more recent in vitro observations of Bonner and his colleagues [Huang and Bonner, 1962 Bonner and Huang, 1964 Bonner et al. 1968 (1)] and Allfrey (1966), postulates that another basic nuclear protein, histone, may modify or repress the genetic expression of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) in somatic cell nuclei. Thus it seems likely that the next study of biological interest based on a knowledge of the structures of the two components, DNA and protamine, will focus on the function and roles of the various components of a protamine in the sperm cell nuclei before, during, and after fertilization. 

Lee JY, Shin HY, Kang SW, Park C, Kim SW. Application of an enzyme-based biofuel cell containing a bioelectrode modified with deoxyribonucleic acid-wrapped single-walled carbon nanotubes to serum. Enzyme Microb Technol 2010 48 80-84. 

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