Activity modifier

Armour, S. L., Foord, S., Kenakin, T., and Chen, W.-J. (1999). Pharmacological characterization of receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs) and the human calcitonin receptor. J. Pharmacol. Toxicol. Meth. 42 217—224. 

Fraser, N. J., Wise, A., Brown, J., McLatchie, L. M., Main, M. J., and Foord, S. M. (1999). The amino terminus of receptor activity modifying proteins is a critical determinant of glycosylation state and ligand binding of calcitonin-like receptor. Mol. Pharmacol. 55 1054-1059. 

Fig. 13-6 Major fluxes of the global biogeochemical sulfur cycle excluding (a) and including (b) human activity (modified from Ivanov, 1983). Numbers in circles designate fluxes described in Table 13-2.

Modifying lymphocytes in order to enhance their anti-tumour activity Modifying tumour cells to enhance their immunogenicity Inserting tumour suppressor genes into tumour cells... 

Woodin, M. A., Ganguly, K. and Poo, M.-M. Coincident pre- and postsynaptic activity modifies GABAergic synapses by postsynaptic changes in CT transporter activity. Neuron 39 807-820, 2003. 

Muta-Chromoplate Kit from wastewater, reduction of respiratory activity Modified version of Ames test [55]... 

Raw materials for this process include styrene, butadiene, catalyst, activator, modifier, and soap solution. 

Capillary gas chromatography on optically active modified cyclodextrin phases is a simple, fast, accurate and highly sensitive method for the enantiomeric analysis of chiral volatile compounds. 

In addition to these passive processes shellfish have been shown to actively modify the saxitoxins. Shimizu has shown (40) that scallops can remove both the N-l-hydroxyl and 11-hydroxysulfate groups from the saxitoxins. Sullivan has shown ( ) that enzymes in littleneck clams can remove the sulfamate or carbamate side chain, yielding the decarbamoyl toxins. This activity was not detected in either mussels or butter clams. With both sorts of modification the products are compounds that have higher potency and are likely to be bound in shellfish more strongly. 

The diverse actions of AM are mediated by the 7-transmembrane G protein-coupled calcitonin receptor-like receptor (CRLR) which coassembles with subtypes 2 and 3 of a family of receptor-activity-modifying proteins (RAMPs), thus forming a receptor-coreceptor system. Binding of AM to CRLR activates Gs and triggers cAMP formation in vascular smooth muscle cells, and increases nitric oxide production in endothelial cells. Other signaling pathways are also involved. 

Figure 9.9. Annual carbon flux to the atmosphere in units of 109 metric tons C because of (A) fossil fuel burning and (B) deforestation and cultivation activities. (Modified after Houghton et al., 1983.)...

Figure 7.20 A dual-tracer approach (using both 137Cs and 210Pb) in sediment cores collected from lower Chesapeake Bay (USA). The maximum depth of 137Cs was used to corroborate the physical mixing depths established with excess 210Pb. = excess activity A = total activity. (Modified from Dellapenna et al., 1998.)...

Figure 2.22(B). A phylogeny for all species of the bonito + tuna clade proposed by Graham and Dickson (2000) and based upon both morphological and gene sequence data. Mapped onto this phylogeny are the character states associated with evolution of endothermy and evolution of expanded scope for activity. (Modified from Block, 1995, and Graham and Dickson, 2000.)...

Figure 6.5. Compatibility of organic osmolytes with enzyme function. (Upper panel) Pyruvate kinase of the marine crab Pachygrapsus crassipes. The effects of KC1 and NaCI and several organic solutes on the Km of phosphoenol pyruvate (PEP) (modified after Bowlus and Somero, 1979). (Middle panel) Malate dehydrogenase of the mangrove (Rhizophora mangle). Effects of NaCI and three organic osmolytes (the amino acid proline and the polyols pinitol and OMMI) on catalytic activity (modified after Sommer et al., 1990). (Bottom panel) Effects of NaCI and four osmolytes found in mammalian kidney (urea, glycine betaine, sorbitol, and inositol) on the Km of uric acid of uricase (modified after Yancey, 1992). (Figure modified after Somero and Yancey, 1997.)...

Figure 6.8. The effects of four organic osmolytes, glycerol, sarcosine, glycine betaine, and TMAO on salt-inhibited ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase-oxygenase (RuBisCO) activity of the cyanobacterium Aphanothece halophytica. The enzyme was placed in a solution containing KC1 at a concentration sufficient to inhibit activity by 50%. Then, increasing concentrations of organic osmolytes were added to the assay medium, leading to restoration of activity. (Modified after Incharoensakdi et al., 1986.)...

Regeneration is a critical step in catalytic reformer operation to regain activity, selectivity and stability of deactivated catalyst. Regeneration procedures and capabilities are dependent on the causes of deactivation. The procedures are proprietary in nature and supplied by catalyst vendors or process licensors The catalyst deactivated by coke can be easily regenerated to restore it s activity, Modified methods are adopted when catalyst had suffered from sulfur or water upset. It is important to emphasize that on line catalyst samplers are good tools to know the state of catalyst, causes of deactivation and help in improving operational and regeneration effkiency[ll]. There are no samplers installed in the reformer under discussion... 

ZINPLEX 15, a Zinc Complexing Agent, is an active modifying agent for the following industrial areas of application ... 

Figure 6. Synergistic effect of antioxidants (a) 0.32% (w/w) dipalmitoyl phosphatidylethanola-mine, (b) 0.02% (w/w) propyi gaiiate, and (c) is (a)+(b), evaluated in lard at 120PC, and the induction period was used to compare antioxidant activity [modified and redrawn from (44)].

---