Deoxyribonucleic acid analysis

Today the largest number of applications of radiotracers is in biology and medicine. Because of the large number of applications, it is beyond the scope of this work to review them in any detail. Instead, we shall focus on three specific applications, one that is very old, one that is middle-aged, and one that is adolescent in its scope, if not in its development. We refer to autoradiography, radioimmunoassay, and DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) analysis, respectively. 

In view of the difficulty of hydrolyzing the pyrimidine nucleosidic linkages, ribonucleic acids have been hydrolyzed to a mixture of purine bases and pyrimidine nucleotides which is then separated by paper chromatography.132, 163 164 This method has been employed extensively for the analysis of ribonucleic acids, and gives reproducible results,166 but it has not been used to any great extent for deoxyribonucleic acids, probably because, under these conditions of hydrolysis, they yield some pyrimidine deoxy-ribonucleoside diphosphates.166... 

In this connection, it must also be borne in mind that the deoxyribonucleic acids subjected to analysis have probably not been homogeneous. Deoxyribonucleic acids have been fractionated by making use of their different solubilities in normal saline,186 by extracting thymus nucleo-his-tone with sodium chloride solutions of increasing concentration,187 by ion-exchange,187 and also by adsorption of the polynucleotide onto histone immobilized on a kieselguhr support.123 It is possible, however, that these are artefacts, since it has been shown that deoxyribonucleic acid fractions extracted from calf-thymus nucleohistone may or may not vary in composition according to the previous treatment of the material.188... 

Crissman HA, Oka MS, Steinkamp JA. Rapid staining methods for analysis of deoxyribonucleic acid and protein in mammalian cells. J Histochem Cytochem 1976 24 64-71. 

See also Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) base-pair sequencing of, 22 11 molecular structure of, 22 10 capillary electrophoresis, 4 636-637 chemical analysis of ancient, 5 750-751 contact print, 22 504 as a vaccine, 25 502-503... 

Nucleation sites, in ferrosilicon, 22 516 Nucleation track membranes, 15 802 Nucleic acid bases, recognition of, 16 794 Nucleic Acid Database (NDB), 17 606 Nucleic acid probe assays, 16 380. See also DNA analysis Nucleic acid probes, 14 153 Nucleic acids, 17 602-643 20 444-447. See also Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)... 

Analysis of Deoxyribonucleic Acid Damage Using the Comet Assay Two... 

A typical molecular analysis of various micro-organisms is shown in Table 5.9U ) Most of the elemental composition of cells is found in three basic types of materials—proteins, nucleic acids and lipids. In Table 5.10, the molecular composi-tion of a bacterium is shown in more detail. Water is the major component of the cell and accounts for 80-90 per cent of the total weight, whilst proteins form the next most abundant group of materials and these have both structural and functional properties. Most of the protein present will be in the form of enzymes. Nucleic acids are found in various forms—ribonucleic acid (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Their primary function is the storage, transmission and... 

Cytosine, a constituent of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) can be represented by the molecular model at the top of the next column. If 0.001 mol of cytosine is submitted to combustion analysis, how many moles of CO2 and how many moles of H2O would be formed ... 

Wood et al. (1991) have used the Southern hybridization method for detecting DNA amplification and a possible structural rearrangement of the HER-2/nen oncogene in 1 of 12 bladder tumors. Amplification of this oncogene in the tumor was sixfold that of oncogene found in placental DNA. Approximately 36% of the tumors studied overexpressed HER-2 mRNA, which was 3- to 38-fold that of normal urothelium. HER-2 overexpression occurred in superficial and invasive tumors. Deoxyribonucleic acid amplification occurs infrequently in bladder carcinoma, in contrast to its occurrence in some other carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis has shown that pi85 HER-2 polyclonal antibody is specific for HER-2 protein overexpression in bladder carcinoma. This study was carried out prior to the use of Herceptin. 

Vanadium chloroperoxidase (C. inaequalis) is a 67,488 Da protein that comprises 609 amino acid residues, as determined from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) sequence analysis [20], As isolated, V-CIPO may contain a variable content of vanadium, depending on the concentration of vanadate in the growth medium however, one vanadium(V) per subunit can be achieved by addition of excess vanadate to the growth medium or to the purified protein [3,71] Like V-BrPO, V-CIPO is stable in the presence of organic substrates, to elevated temperatures, and to the presence of high concentrations of strong oxidants (e.g., HOC1) [59],... 

Lubahn DB, Joseph DR, Sar M, Tan J, Higgs HN, Larson RE, French FS, Wilson EM. The human androgen receptor complementary deoxyribonucleic acid cloning, sequence analysis and gene expression in prostate. Mol Endocrinol 1988 2(12) 1265—1275. 

Table n shows the changes in the composition of the bacterial substance which occur when 100 mg. of log cells at the depletion point grow into valine cells (if that is the limiting amino acid), or into threonine cells if threonine is limited. The amounts formed from 100 mg. at the point of depletion average 145 mg. in the case of valine and 190 mg. in the case of threonine. The determination of wall substance by mechanical disruption and the determination of membrane substance by lipide analysis have been outlined. The other data are obtained by way of conventional procedures DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) by diphenylamine, and completely independently by thymine RNA (ribonucleic acid) by ultraviolet extinction and cytoplasmic protein from nitrogen determinations corrected for the nitrogen content of the other components. 

The remarkable progress achieved by Vouros et al. [120,121] in the CEC analysis of isomeric polyaromatic hydrocarbon deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) adducts derived from in-vitro reactions of carcinogenic hydrocarbons with calf thymus DNA has been illustrated in a previous section. This work represents an... 

Analytical techniques used to measure RBCs and their indices, Hb, and related compounds include determining a CBC, electrophoresis, immunoassay, molecular techniques, and sensitive separation techniques, such as HPLC, capillary electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, and deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) analysis. 

One of the most important natural compounds with a helical structure is deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). It was studied by Watson and Crick based on the X-ray analysis of Franklin and Gossling Two right-handed polynucleotide chains are wound around a central axis. The sugar phosphate chains form an outer screw line, whereas the purine and pyrimidine bases are projecting inside. Their ring planes are... 

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