Dendritic cell polarization

Janeway CA Jr, Medzhitov R Innate immune recognition. Armu Rev Immunol 2002 20 197-216. Kapsenberg ML Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 984-993. 

Takei, M. et al., Dendritic cells maturation promoted by Ml and M4, end products of steroidal ginseng saponins metabolized in digestive tracts, drive a potent Th 1 polarization, Biochem Pharmacol, 68,441, 2004. 

Mazzoni A, Young HA, Spitzer JH, Visintin A, Segal DM Histamine regulates cytokine production in maturing dendritic cells, resulting in altered T cell polarization. J Clin Invest 2001 108 1865-1873. 

Kapsenberg ML Dendritic-cell control of pathogen-driven T-cell polarization. Nat Rev Immunol 2003 3 984-993. 

Caron G, Delneste Y, Roelandts E, Duez C, Bonnefoy JY, Pestel J, et al Histamine polarizes human dendritic cells into Th2 cell-promoting effector dendritic cells. J Immunol 2001 167 3682-3686. 

Hammad H, Charbonnier AS, Duez C, Jacquet A, Stewart GA, Tonnel AB, Pestel J Th2 polarization by Der p 1 pulsed monocyte-derived dendritic cells is due to the allergic status of the donors. Blood 2001 98 1135-1141. 

Wang YH, Ito T, Wang YH, Homey B, Watanabe N, Martin R, Barnes CJ, McIntyre BW, Gilliet M, Kumar R, Yao Z, Liu YJ Maintenance and polarization of human TH2 central memory T cells by thymic stromal lymphopoietin-activated dendritic cells. Immunity 2006 24 827-838. 

For testing the transfection properties of KL-1-14 toward the mamma carcinoma cell lines MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7, the polarized cell line MDCK-C7, and the primary dendritic cells KL-1-14 was used in its racemic form with chloride as counterion and as a mixture with 60 mol% Choi. In comparison to the transfection efficiencies found for COS-7-cells (see above), the transfection efficiencies were generally lower (Table 2). For MDA-MB-468 and MCF-7, transfection efficiencies were reduced by a factor of about 10, the MDCK-C7-cells by a factor of about 80, and the dendritic cells by a factor of about 500. Nevertheless, the transfection efficiencies found for KL-l-14/Chol (1 0.6) were generally higher than for DOTAP, respectively. For the mamma carcinoma cell lines, transfection efficiencies with KL-1-14/ Choi (1 0.6) were four times higher than for DOTAP. For MDCK-C7 and dendritic cells, the increase was from 1.9- to 2.5-fold. We also tested KL-1-14 as equimolar mixture with DOPE for its transfection efficiencies toward the mamma carcinoma cell lines and the dendritic cells. Again, transfection efficiencies were greatly reduced even for the KL-1-14/DOPE mixture and were similar to the values found for KL-l-14/Chol (1 0.6). 

Table 2 Transfection Efficiencies of KL-1-14 in a Mixture with Choi (Ratio 0.7) or DOPE (Ratio 1.0) Toward the Mamma Carcinoma Cell Lines MDA-MB-468 and MCE-7, the Polarized Cell Line MDCK-C7, and the Primary Dendritic Cells...

Traidl-Hoffmann, C., V. Mariani, H. Hochrein, K. Karg, H. Wagner, J. Ring, M. J. Mueller, T. Jakob, and H. Behrendt. 2005. Pollen-associated phytoprostanes inhibit dendritic cell interleukin-12 production and augment T helper type 2 cell polarization. J Exp Med 201 (4) 627-636. 

Immune responses can be divided into type 1 and type 2, based on the pattern of cytokine secretion and functional outcome of the immune response. Type 1 immune responses are characterized by secretion of IFN-gamma, production of IgG2a in mice, and activation of macrophages, NK cells, and cytotoxic T-cells. Type 2 responses are characterized by secretion of IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 and by IgGl and IgE production. The responses are reciprocally regulated. How the polarization of the immune response toward type 1 or type 2 is determined is not exactly understood. IL-12 is an important factor that drives the type 1 response, and IL-4 is implicated in the type 2 response. Microbial products such as LPS and bacterial DNA stimulate the secretion of IL-12 by dendritic cells and preferentially induce type 1 immune responses. 

Feili-Hariri M, Falkner DH, Morel PA Polarization of naive T cells into Thl orTh2 by distinct cytokine-driven murine dendritic cell populations implications for immunotherapy. J Leukoc Biol 2005 78 656-64. 

Figure 22-6 represents a general scheme of the development of human CD4 Thl cells. Typically, there is Thl polarization when antigenic stimulation is caused by a virus or intracellular bacteria (intracellular pathogen) followed by antigenic presentation from specialized cells such as dendritic cells, with a high production of IFNa and IL-12. The activation of NK cells then creates a high concentration of IFNy without an increase in levels of IL-4. Thus an environ-... 

Rigano R, Buttari B, Profumo E, Ortona E, Delunardo E, Margotti P, Mattel V, Teggi A, Sorice M, Siracusano A (2007) Echinococcus granulosus antigen B impairs human dendritic cell differentiation and polarizes immature dendritic cell maturation towards a Th2 cell response. Infect Immun 75 1667-1678... 

Dudda JC, Lembo A, Bachtanian E, Huehn J, Siewert C, Hamann A, Kremmer E, Forster R, Martin SF. Dendritic cells govern induction and reprogramming of polarized tissue-selective homing receptor patterns of T cells important roles for soluble factors and tissue microenvironments. Eur J Immunol 2005 35 1056-1065. 

Kalinski P, Hilkens CMU, Wierenga EA, Kapsenbeig ML T-cell priming by type-1 and type-2 polarized dendritic cells The concept of a third signal. Immunol Today 1999 20 561-567. 

In humans, CDllc -dendritic cells promote Thl responses, whereas dendritic cells derived from CDllc" precursors induce Th2 responses. The degree to which Th polarization occurs may differ according to the maturation state of the dendritic cell and the ratio of dendritic cells to T-lymphocytes (66,67). 

Zou W, J Borvak, F Marches, S Wei, P Galanaud, D Emilie, TJ Curiel. 2000. Macrophage-derived dendritic cells have strong Thl-polarizing potential mediated by beta-chemokines rather than IL-12. J Immunol 165 4388. 

Chuang, L., Wu, K., Pai, C., Hsieh, P. T. J., Yen, J., Lin, M. (2007). Heat-killed cells of lactobacilli skew the immune response toward T helper 1 polarization in mouse spleno-cytes and dendritic cell-treated T-cells. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 55, 11080-11086. 

The organization of MTs in neurons differs several ways from that seen in non-neuronal cells (Fig. 8-3) [9]. Axonal and dendritic MTs are not continuous back to the cell body nor are they associated with any visible MTOC. Axonal MTs can be more than 100 pm long, but they have uniform polarity, with all plus-ends distal to the cell body. Dendritic MTs are typically shorter and often exhibit mixed polarity, with only about 50% oriented plus-end distal. Recent work suggests that MTs in both axons and dendrites are nucleated normally at the MTOC, but they are then released from the MTOC and delivered to neurites [10],... 

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