Deep well water

The effect is best illustrated by a numerical example (Table 31.4). Let us take the case of hard and alkaline deep well water such as that found to the north of London, whose main characteristics are shown in the first column of Table 31.4. The second column shows its quality after de-alkalization has removed nine-tenths of the temporary hardness and converted it into CO2 gas. This is removed from the water by stripping it with air in a packed degassing column, and the product then softened in the third stage to yield the product shown in the third column. 

Aerators are often used for iron and manganese removal from deep well waters. Dissolved sulfur gases and some carbon dioxide are also removed, resulting in a slight elevation in pH levels. There are various designs but pressure aerators, aeration towers, and spray ponds, are common. 

Aeration may be required to remove any hydrogen sulfide in the RO RW, such as may be found in deep well waters. 

As noted earlier, subsurface waters tend to have higher levels of TDS, and this can be reflected in hardness levels of say 200 to 500 ppm, a total alkalinity of perhaps 150 to 350 ppm, and often 50% or so of the total hardness being present as permanent hardness (sulfates and chloride). There are many deep well water sources like this (for example, in many areas of Texas). 

If, however, the water is very good to begin with, as, for example, deep well water, storage cannot improve it indeed it may be detrimental to store the water, inasmuch as the entry of any pollution would give the accompanying bacteria a free field for rapid multiplication. 

At the same time, McKay was informed of an outbreak of mottled enamel in children who lived in Bauxite, a town near Colorado Springs. Bauxite was named for large deposits of bauxite, which the Aluminum Company of America (ALCOA) mined there. Children who drank spring- or shallow-well water had normal teeth, but children drinking deep-well water had severe enamel mottling. In 1931, ALCOA s chief chemist,... 

Industrial lagoon sediment Industrial lagoon effluent water Industrial site deep well water Surface runoff water from site Sewage treatment plant, Influent water Sewage treatment plant, effluent water Sewage treatment plant, activated sludge Raisin River water... 

Figure 1 Highest total arsenic occurrence in Taiwanese deep well waters and U.S. drinking water sources.

Figure 4 Arsenic speciation in Taiwanese deep well water before and after boihng.

Alsabagh A M, Migahed M A, Awad H S (2006) Reactivity of polyester aliphatic amine surfactants as corrosion inhibitors for carbon steel in formation water (deep well water) . Corrosion Sci, 48, 813-828. 

Free CO concentrations in natural water vary between a few milligrams and several dozen milligrams per liter. The first figure corresponds to river waters in equilibrium with the atmosphere and the second to deep well water that is subjected to high CO partial pressures and can be very aggressive. 

Deep well water (10 to 50 m), which is deoxygenated, mineralized (SO4 ), and often ferruginous and aggressive. 

Very deep well water whose temperature and mineralization are high. Beyond a salinity of 0.8 to 1 g r it can be termed brackish (oligobrackish up to 5 g l ). 

Scaling of deep well water. DownHole SAT is another specialized computer program that allows a water treatment specialist to evaluate the... 

Khafik, A., and Praptowidodo, V. S. (2000). Nanofiltration for drinking water production from deep well water. Desalination 132(1-3), 287-292. 

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