Data analysis research

An extensive product review of recent NIR technology was published by Noble. Enormous progress has been achieved in chemometrics and computing power, making many new applications possible. There are dozens of manufacturers of NIR spectrophotometers in the United States. There are many vendors of sampling components and software packages for data analysis. Research data of the most recent instrumentation and software are available directly on the World Wide Web, as most manufacturers maintain a Web site. There are numerous Internet sites that provide links to professional spectroscopy societies, publishers of spectroscopy journals, and patents related to pharmaceutical uses of NIR. 

Data Analysis. The computerization of spectrometers and the concomitant digitization of spectra have caused an explosive increase in the use of advanced spectmm analysis techniques. Data analysis in infrared spectrometry is a very active research area and software producers are constantly releasing more sophisticated algorithms. Each instmment maker has adopted an independent format for spectmm files, which has created difficulties in transferring data. The Joint Committee on Atomic and Molecular Physical Data has developed a universal format for infrared spectmm files called JCAMP-DX (52). Most instmment makers incorporate in thek software a routine for translating thek spectmm files to JCAMP-DX format. 

P.. Lewi, Multivariate Data Analysis in Industrial Practice, Research Studies Press,John Wiley Sons, Inc., Chichester, UK, 1982. 

Conducts research on air pollutants in die atmosphere du-ough modeling and data analysis... 

Data analysis is one aspect of multidimensional analyses that must be optimized in the future. The analysis of chromatographic data beyond one dimension is still exceedingly problematic, especially in the analyses of highly complex mixtures. Better software may need to be developed in order to analyze two- and three-dimensional peaks due to their complexity. Three-dimensional data is only useful today in terms of fingerprinting and often that even requires extensive data analysis. A great deal of research must still be carried out to make the interpretation and quantification of multidimensional data easier. 

Within the pharmaceutical industry we have progressed from the point where computers in the laboratory were rarely present or used beyond spreadsheet calculations. Now computers are ubiquitous in pharmaceutical research and development laboratories, and nearly everyone has at least one used in some way to aid in his or her role. It should come as no surprise that the development of hardware and software over the last 30 years has expanded the scope of computer use to virtually all stages of pharmaceutical research and development (data analysis, data capture, monitoring and decision making). Although there are many excellent books published that are focused on in-depth discussions of computer-aided drug design, bioinformatics, or other related individual topics, none has addressed this broader utilization of... 

After the channel diameter and length and the flow velocity have been fixed, the number of micro channels determines the total throughput and product yield. In applications focused on chemical production, the number of charmels is then simply given by throughput requirements. In applications focused on research and development, such as kinetic measruements, a small number of channels might be preferable, since flow eqmpartition and data analysis can be more difficult when the number of channels is large. 

S. Wold, C. Albano, W.J. Dunn III, K. Esbensen, S. Hellberg, E. Johansson and M. Sjostrdm, Pattern recognition finding and using patterns in multivariate data. In Food Research and Data Analysis (H. Martens and H. Russwurm Jr., Eds.). Applied Science, London, 1983, p. 147. 

The determination and analysis of sensory properties plays an important role in the development of new consumer products. Particularly in the food industry sensory analysis has become an indispensable tool in research, development, marketing and quality control. The discipline of sensory analysis covers a wide spectrum of subjects physiology of sensory perception, psychology of human behaviour, flavour chemistry, physics of emulsion break-up and flavour release, testing methodology, consumer research, statistical data analysis. Not all of these aspects are of direct interest for the chemometrician. In this chapter we will cover a few topics in the analysis of sensory data. General introductory books are e.g. Refs. [1-3]. 

H.J.H. MacFie, Data Analysis in Ravour Research Achievements, Needs and Perspectives, in Ravour Science and Technology, M. Martens, G.A. Dalen and H. Russwurm Jr (Editors). Wiley, 1987. 

H. Martens and H. Russwurm, eds.. Food Research and Data Analysis. Applied Science, London, 1983. 

In Chapter 43 the incorporation of expertise and experience in data analysis by means of expert systems is described. The knowledge acquisition bottleneck and the brittleness of domain expertise are, however, the major drawbacks in the development of expert systems. This has stimulated research on alternative techniques. Artificial neural networks (ANN) were first developed as a model of the human brain structure. The computerized version turned out to be suitable for performing tasks that are considered to be difficult to solve by classical techniques. 

Modern NMR software covers all facets of MR applications and assists the laboratory staff and the research groups not only in the standard procedures of scan preparation, data acquisition, reconstruction and analysis, but also offers an appropriate development environment for user defined measurement methods and data analysis algorithms and provides easy-to-use tools for data management, documentation, export and archiving. The software allows the user to run complex NMR machines in a routine manner and to integrate the spectrometer into the laboratory infrastructure [7]. 

In 2001 two Danish researchers, Asbjorn Hrobjartsson and Peter Gotzsche, published an influential meta-analysis in which they estimated the difference between the effects of getting a placebo versus doing nothing at all.14 Although they found a significant placebo effect, especially in the treatment of pain, the overall effect seemed very small - much smaller than would have been expected of a powerful treatment. On the basis of these data, the researchers asked Is the placebo powerless and answered their own question by concluding that there was little evidence that placebos have powerful clinical effects. 

Frequency domain performance has been analyzed with goodness-of-fit tests such as the Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, and Wilcoxon Rank Sum tests. The studies by Young and Alward (14) and Hartigan et. al. (J 3) demonstrate the use of these tests for pesticide runoff and large-scale river basin modeling efforts, respectively, in conjunction with the paired-data tests. James and Burges ( 1 6 ) discuss the use of the above statistics and some additional tests in both the calibration and verification phases of model validation. They also discuss methods of data analysis for detection of errors this last topic needs additional research in order to consider uncertainties in the data which provide both the model input and the output to which model predictions are compared. 

While the experiment 1s running, informational messages are logged to a printer designated for that purpose. Real-time data (temperatures, pressures, etc.) can be displayed using laboratory or office terminals. The researcher can also view the data analysis results for the latest set. 

Automation and data collection from complex laboratory equipment have been accomplished. The result of this effort has been more efficient use of the researcher s time, Improved data analysis and the capability to easily conduct lengthy experiments without personnel being present. 

At any time during the experiment, the researcher can view a real-time display of the instrument s data. These data Include the current sample temperature, the current sample pH and the current delta pressure readings. Also displayed Is the status of all digital Inputs (pumps, valves, etc.), the data analysis results from the latest data set and the experiments In the queue waiting to be run on the Instrument. These real-time data are updated approximately once per second with the entire display being refreshed approximately every 30 seconds. 

Oxford Gene Technologies offers services and licenses their proprietary technologies. The array technique surveys hybridization across gene sequences. The customized DNA microarray service supports research activities, and includes consultation, experimental design, data analysis, and interpretation. 

Biochips produce huge data sets. Data collected from microarray experiments are random snapshots with errors, inherently noisy and incomplete. Extracting meaningful information from thousands of data points by means of bioinformatics and statistical analysis is sophisticated and calls for collaboration among researchers from different disciplines. An increasing number of image and data analysis tools, in part freely accessible ( ) to academic researchers and non-profit institutions, is available in the web. Some examples are found in Tables 3 and 4. 

The objective of this research was to examine the effect of crystallinity, additives and data analysis technique on isothermally pyrolyzed cellulose. The Ea, activation enthalpy (AH+) and activation entropy (AS+) were determined from the mass loss rates. This data was used to develop an understanding of how cellulose pyrolysis is affected by crystallinity and additives and how the results obtained are dependent on the data analysis technique. 

At the Institute for Bioethics, Health Policy and Law at the University of Louisville, my colleague Gabriela Alcalde helped me in conceptualizing the key issues and also took the lead in drafting two articles we coauthored on the topic. Dr. Mary Anderlik coauthored a paper with me on genetic research in which pharmacogenomics was a key element. Dr. Carl Hornung of the Department of Medicine contributed indispensable data analysis on the survey and coauthored Chapter 1 of this volume. 

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