Damage to tissue

Radiation Dosimetry. Radioactive materials cause damage to tissue by the deposition of energy via their radioactive emissions. Thus, when they are internally deposited, all emissions are important. When external, only those emissions that are capable of penetrating the outer layer of skin pose an exposure threat. The biological effects of radiation exposure and dose are generally credited to the formation of free radicals in tissue as a result of the ionization produced (17). 

Functional Nail-Care Products. Cuticle removers are solutions of dilute alkaHes that faciHtate removal, or at least softeniag, of the cuticle. Formulations containing as much as 5% potassium hydroxide have been reported. Such preparations may contain about 10% glycerine to reduce dryiag, and thickeners, such as clays, to reduce mnoff Lipids and other conditioners are iacluded to reduce damage to tissues other than the cuticle. 

Clostridium septicum, Cl. perfringens (welchii) and Cl. novyi (oedematiens) eause serious damage to tissue if they are able to develop in wounds where the oxygen supply is limited. Tissue may be destroyed, and earbon dioxide produeed from musele glyeogen gives rise to the eondition known as gas gangrene. 

The mechanisms of pain and the ability to control pain may vary in different pain states. This is of particular importance in consideration of a rational basis for the treatment of both inflammatory and neuropathic pain where the damage to tissue and nerve leads to alterations in both the peripheral and central mechanisms of pain signalling. In respect of existing drug therapies, this plasticity, the ability of the system to change in the face of a particular pain syndrome, explains the effectiveness of NSAIDs in inflammatory conditions and yet is also responsible for some of the limitations in the effectiveness of opioids in neuropathic pain. 

At a macroscopic biological level, the damage to tissue is related to the concentration of photosensitizer and dioxygen in the tissues being irradiated, and to the light flux the key mechanistic questions here are—in which compartment does the photosensitizer accumulate,... 

Implantable microelectronic devices for neural prosthesis require stimulation electrodes to have minimal electrochemical damage to tissue or nerve from chronic stimulation. Since most electrochemical reactions at the stimulation electrode surface alter the hydrogen ion concentration, one can expect a stimulus-induced pH shift [17]. When translated into a biological environment, these pH shifts could potentially have detrimental effects on the surrounding neural tissue and implant function. Measuring depth and spatial profiles of pH changes is important for the development of neural prostheses and safe stimulation protocols. 

Surgery (diagnosis and prevention of ischemic damage to tissues)... 

Allopurinol also inhibits reperfusion injury. This injury occurs when organs that either have been transplanted or have had their usual blood perfusion blocked are reperfused with blood or an appropriate buffer solution. The cause of this injury is local formation of free radicals, such as the superoxide anion, the hydroxyl free radical, or peroxynitrite. These substances are strong oxidants and are quite damaging to tissues. 

The first damages to tissues do not develop within the first seconds of contact with a corrosive. They progressively and quickly take place only when the penetration phase starts from the surface of the cornea toward the deeper layers. 

The clinical significance of phospholipidosis is related to secondary damage to tissue structure or impaired function possibly at the cellular level, for example, reduced immunological response. In the case of amiodarone, the phospholipidosis in the lung causes cough and breathing difficulties. 

Thus, if the drug or a metabolite causes damage to tissue or cellular stress, for example, inflammatory cytokines will be released. These could form part of the second, "danger" signal. The second signal also acts on the T cell via APCs and costimulatory receptors (B7, e.g., which interacts with CD28 on the T cell). 

To obtain satisfactory results, coordination of temperature with vacuum is necessary. Paraffin embedding is carried out in a stepwise descending series 700 hPa, 500 hPa, 300 hPa, and 100 hPa. A too-rapid lowering of the pressure is damaging to tissue morphology. The temperature during dehydration with isopropanol should not exceed 60°C. Further improvements of this system are awaited. 

Occlusion pressure must be finely adjustable by the operator to stop bleeding while not over straining the limb and causing damage to tissue and nerves... 

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea, damage to tissue including nerves, stomach, intestines and skin... 

During chronic inflammatory disease, inflammatory cells (neutrophils, mast cells, macrophages, and lymphocytes) become increasingly more damaging to tissues. Anti-inflammatory action of Bik reduces cell death mediated by immune cell. Proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-a (TNF-q) and interleukin-1 (3 (IL-1) cause expression of multiple inflammatory and innate immunity genes for additional cytokines, chemokines, adhesion molecules, and enzymes. Aprotinin has been reported to cause a reduction in apoptosis in vivo by decreasing inflammatory cytokine expression (IL-1, IL-6, and TNF -a) thus preventing caspase-8 activation [81],... 

---