Secondary damage

Potential problems with an ATES loop are illustrated in Figure 39 and encounter a number of events that are related to the chemical behaviour of the system. However, the figure also illustrates problems connected to a general system design, such as aeration and sand production. These types of problems may also have secondary damaging impacts on surroundings buildings and the environment. 

Liu D, McAdoo D. 1993. An e3q)erimental model combining microdialysis with electrophysiology, histology, and neuro-chemistry for exploring mecahnisms of secondary damage in spainal cord injury effects of potassium. J Neurotrauma 10(3) 349-362. 

Various NDE techniques are used to locate defects and flaws in the failed or similar equipment that may not be apparent during the macro visual inspection. An analysis of cracks and other damage during the initiation or progressive phases often provides more information regarding the failure mechanism(s) than the same analysis would at locations where complete failure occurred. Considerable secondary damage to a worn, fractured, or corroded surface may occur after failure. The most common methods of NDE are given below. 

The clinical significance of phospholipidosis is related to secondary damage to tissue structure or impaired function possibly at the cellular level, for example, reduced immunological response. In the case of amiodarone, the phospholipidosis in the lung causes cough and breathing difficulties. 

Apart from causing the cavities referred to, high-velocity bullets with the shock waves which accompany them, can cause secondary damage to bones, etc, not directly in the path of the bullet. Simple fractures therefore may be caused to bones without direct impact having taken place, and the same can happen to blood vessels not directly struck... 

Barbouti A, Doulias P-T, Zhu B-Z, Frei B, Galaris D (2001) Intercellular iron, but not copper, plays a critical role in hydrogen peroxide-induced DNA damage. Free Radical Biol Med 31 490-498 Barciszewski J, Siboska GE, Pedersen BO, Clark BFC, Rattan SIS (1996) Evidence for the presence of kinetin in DNA and cell extracts. FEBS Lett 393 197-200 Barciszewski J, Siboska GE, Pedersen BO, Clark BFC, Rattan SIS (1997) A mechanism for the in vivo formation of N6-furfuryladenine, kinetin, as a secondary damage product of DNA. FEBS Lett 414 457-460... 

A runaway reaction may have multiple consequences. The high temperature by itself may be critical, as the higher the final temperature, the worse the effects of the runaway. In case of a large temperature increase, some components of the reaction mixture may be vaporized, or some gaseous or volatile compounds may be produced. This, in turn, may lead to further consequences, a pressure increase in the system and/or release of gases or vapor, which may cause secondary damage due to toxicity or flammability. 

Tumour necrosis factor-a (TNFa) accumulates in the brain after trauma. This cytokine is known to be an important factor in delayed CNS damage. It was found that, in addition to its anti-NMDA effect, HU-211 causes up to 90% inhibition of the TNFa surge after closed head injury in rats [195], Bacterial and viral infections of the CNS are known to cause secretion of the TNFa as well as interleukin-1 and other cytokines which are involved in the inflammatory process and may cause secondary damage. Such infections may result in high mortality. It was found that rats infected with Streptococcus pneumoniae suffered less cerebral oedema on treatment with a combination of a suitable antibiotic with HU-211 than the antibiotic alone [196],... 

The ideal artificial tear would reproduce the metabolic, optical, and physical characteristics of natmal tears. Additionally, it would have a long ocular residence time and would contain therapeutic additives to treat primary and secondary damage to the eye. Supplementation of natural tears with a substance that prolongs residence time generally improves tear film breakup time (TBUT) and is superior to tear replacement fluids of low retention time. 

The addition of certain compounds that react readily with free radicals can effectively prevent these products of ionizing radiations, from causing secondary damage in the system. Molecular iodine is a very effective radical scavenger forming iodocompounds with radicals and leaving behind iodine atoms to do further scavenging, e.g. ... 

Mature cartilage or bone lungs kidneys liver pancreas adrenal gland pituitary gland Fairly low Hypoplasia secondary damage to the fine vasculature and connective tissue elements... 

An application of radiation induced-inactivation, is the determination of the size of the enzyme (216, 217). Nevertheless, care should be taken when using this method as secondary damage due to free radicals generated in the local environment of an enzyme, can influence the apparent target size determined (218). Also, it might be that radiation damage is a surface phenomenon thus not dependent on the volume of the protein but on its surface (19). 

Secondary damage to mushroom crops by sciarid flies comes from their role as carriers of mites and diseases, including the pathogens Verticilliumand Trichoderma. A single sciarid fly can carry up to 20 mites ... 

In this example, normal spectroraetric analysis did not detect the large wear particles emanating from the bearing-fretting problem. The RFS analysis, however, did provide early warning to repair, clean up, and solve the problem before it could lead to a major failure with possible secondary damage. The next three samples show a return to a normal trend after the lubricant was cleaned and replaced. 

Komenda J, Masojidek J. Oxygen retards recovery from photoinhibition due to a secondary damage to the PSII complex. In Mathis P, ed. Photosynthesis From Light to Biosphere. Kluwer Academic... 

Secondary damage to critical infrastructure Compromise or loss of critical data Erosion of company reputation... 

Consequences Contamination of these materials could lead to a release and secondary damage to property from a localized fire or BLEVE along the transit route. 

---