Damage to the Environment

Exploration activities are potentially damaging to the environment. The cutting down of trees in preparation for an onshore seismic survey may result in severe soil erosion in years to come. Offshore, fragile ecological systems such as reefs can be permanently damaged by spills of crude or mud chemicals. Responsible companies will therefore carry out an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) prior to activity planning and draw up contingency plans should an accident occur. In Section 4.0 a more detailed description of health, safety and environmental considerations will be provided. 

Without proper control of hazards, a sequence of events (scenario) occurs which results ia an accident. A hazard is defined as anything which could result ia an accident, ie, an unplaimed sequence of events which results ia iajury or loss of life, damage to the environment, loss of capital equipment, or loss of production or inventory. 

The use and effective costs of various energy alternatives are shown in Table 2. Use or internal costs include production, transportation, and distribution. Effective costs take into account the use costs estimated external costs, which include costs associated with damage to the environment caused by utili2ation of various fossil fuels and fuel utili2ation efficiencies, ie, the efficiency of converting fuels into mechanical, electrical, or thermal energy. The effective costs are expressed as /GJ of fossil fuel equivalent (15). The overall equation for the effective cost is... 

BEST PRACTICABLE ENVIRONMENTAL OPTION (bpeo) Organizations may be eneouraged to undertake systematie deeision proeesses with a view to seeking the BPEO that provides the most benefit (or least damage) to the environment, at an aeeeptable eost. 

Damaging to the environment or publie health and well-being. 

According to J. M. Griffin and H. B. Steele (1986), external costs exist when the private calculation of costs differs from society s valuation of costs. Pollution represents an external cost because damages associated with it are borne by society as a whole, not just by the users of a particular fuel. Pollution causes external costs to the extent that the damages inflicted by the pollutant are not incorporated into the price of the fuel associated with the damages. External costs can be caused by air pollution, water pollution, toxic wastes, or any other damage to the environment not included in market prices for goods. 

This article reports on a full-scale study of the incineration of plasties with ordinary municipal waste, conducted in Germany by APME. The results, which indicate that burning waste plastics does less damage to the environment than other waste disposal methods, are commented upon by the plastics industry, and environmentalists. 

The combustion products from sulfur Impurities In coal are particularly damaging to the environment. In humans, prolonged exposure to sulfur dioxide diminishes lung capacity and aggravates respiratory problems such as asthma, bronchitis, and emphysema. Concentrations as low as 0.15 ppm can incapacitate persons with these diseases, and at about 5 ppm everyone experiences breathing difficulties. In 1952 a particularly serious episode of SO2 pollution In London caused approximately 4000 deaths over several days. 

Following an EAL approach, traditionally regulatory systems originate from the presence of market failure in our specific case, the environment appears as a "public good" that may not be appropriated and has no market price the damage to the environment is a case of "externality," in that it is fully or partly a social cost that is not internalized into the accounts of the parties causing it.2 So the comparison of different instruments can consider how they may play a role in correcting malfunction and subsequent inefficiencies [7]. 

The main objective of this project was to establish and coordinate a global network of European and international experts and stakeholders from worldwide countries to assess the risks of hazardous chemicals and additives contained in different daily products. The transport of these compounds is given at a global scale, increasing their potential damage to the environment and citizens all over the world. 

The first question represents hazard identification. The last three questions are associated with risk assessment, considered in detail in chapter 11. Risk assessment includes a determination of the events that can produce an accident, the probability of those events, and the consequences. The consequences could include human injury or loss of life, damage to the environment, or loss of production and capital equipment. Question 2 is frequently called scenario identification. 

B.rn.isk assessment includes incident identification and consequence analysis. Incident identification describes how an accident occurs. It frequently includes an analysis of the probabilities. Consequence analysis describes the expected damage. This includes loss of life, damage to the environment or capital equipment, and days outage. 

A European Union (EU) risk assessment of di-2-ethylhexylphthalate (DEHP) underestimated the substance s potential damage to the environment, the commission s scientific committee on toxicology (CSTEE) says. The study was completed by a team of Swedish scientists in September 2001 for the European Commission (EC). The Swedish scientists had recommended in September that no measures were required to reduce the risk of pollution from DEHP. But CSTEE will begin a new round of research shortly, as part of a review of the scientists assessment, to determine the extent of environmental risks posed by DEHP. CSTEE says that in many cases there is a need for... 

In this paper attention is paid to the ammonia emission from slurry as such. There are more and more indications that this emissions cause considerable damage to the environment, being possibly more important than the nuisance of bad smells. 

Conventional fuel sources are petroleum and coal (including lignite). Our modem way of life is intimately dependent upon fossil fuels or mineral fuels. Conventional energy sources based on petroleum and coal have proven to be highly effective drivers of economic progress, but at the same time damaging to the environment and to human health (Akella et al., 2009). 

It s hard to overestimate the damage to the environment that has been wrought by agricultural intensification during the last half-century. Precious landscape features, such as prairies, wetlands, and old fencerows, have been destroyed on a massive scale. Overuse of fertilizers has polluted lakes and rivers, in many cases choking them almost to death through the proliferation of algal blooms and aquatic weeds. Pesticides are everywhere in... 

Since the industrial revolution in the nineteenth century, the knowledge on chemistry was developed rapidly, together with several industries. Currently, under the REACH legislation more than 100,000 compounds have been pre-registered for use within the European Union. Chemicals are present in all kinds of industrial applications and consumer products. However, some of these compounds or their degradation products can cause damage to the environment and human health. 

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