Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid

Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALE), cell number and differentiation Bronchial alveolar lavage fluid (BALE), cytokine levels (Luminex assay, ELISA)... 

Rat (Wistar) 90 d 7 d/wk 22 hr/d Resp 0.025 M (increased percentage of lymphocytes in bronchial alveolar lavage fluid) Glaser etal. 1985 Na2Cr2072H20 (VI)... 

Some studies also reported chronic bronchitis as a common late effect of pulmonary SM exposure. Pulmonary fibrosis was found in SM-exposed Iranian soldiers and can result in a severe impairment of lung function. Analysis of broncho-alveolar lavage fluid from those patients revealed that inflammatory processes are still active even decades after SM exposure. " Fibrotic remodeling of the lung may also cause severe scars and narrowing of the bronchial system, which can also cause severe health effects. 

In contradistinction to the decrease in lysosomal enzyme activity observed in alveolar macrophages and bronchial lavage fluid, Dillard et al. reported that continuous ozone exposure (0.70-0.79 ppm for 5-7 days) resulted in an increase in the activity of some lysosomal hydrolases in rat whole-lung homogenates and lung fractions, including the soluble supernatant. The tocopherol concentrations of the diet had no effect on the findings. 

More recently there has been an increased emphasis on air pollution since episodes of pollution have been correlated with increased morbidity and mortality in susceptible groups. Here EM coupled with image analysis and microanalytical techniques gives information at different levels in the pollution pathway (Table 4). The morphology and elemental composition of particles collected from ambient air can be identified and the number and composition of particles present in bronchial lavage fluids and in alveolar macrophages determined. The technique of EELS with its ability to differentiate between oxidative states of metals such as iron, and thus assist in determination of their hazard potential, has great potential in this area. 

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