Pulmonary response

Bermudez, E., Mangum, J.B., Wong, B.A., Asgharian, B., Hext, P.M., Warheit, D.B., and Everitt, J.I. (2004) Pulmonary responses of mice, rats, and hamsters to subchronic inhalation of ultrafine titanium dioxide partides. Toxicological Sciences, 77 (2), 347-357. 

Mercer, R.R. et al. (2008) Alteration of deposition pattern and pulmonary response as a result of improved dispersion of aspirated single-walled carbon nanotubes in a mouse model. American Journal of Physiology Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology, 294 (1), L87-L97. 

Nogami-Itoh, M., I.Yakuo, D.M.Hammerbeck, R.I.Miller, and K.Takeyama. 1997. The equivalent bronchodilator effects of salbutamol formulated in chlorofluorocarbon and hydrofluoroalkane-134a metered dose inhalers on the histamine-induced pulmonary response in dogs. Pharmaceut. Res. 14 208-212. 

Shvedova AA (2005). Unusual inflammatory and fibrogenic pulmonary responses to single-walled carbon nanotubes in mica. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 289 L698-L708. 

When the pulmonary response is activated by irritant receptors in the nose, response for different flows and concentrations would not be expected to correlate with the volume of inspired gas, but rather with regional dosage (e.g., nasal) or the local dosage of gas to irritant receptors lining the airway. ... 

In a similar 11-month study in which animals were exposed to undoped bismuth telluride dust of 0.04-p,m diameter at 15mg/m no adverse responses of any type were observed other than the pulmonary responses to the inhalation of an inert dust. 

Kuschner WG, Wong H, D Alessandro A et al Human pulmonary responses to experimental inhalation of high concentration fine and ultrafine magnesium oxide particles. Environ Health Perspect 105(11) 1234—1237, 1997... 

Lee KP, Seidel WC Pulmonary response to perfluoropolymer fume and particles generated under various exposure conditions. Fundam Appl Toxicol 17 254—269, 1991... 

Rats exposed 6 hours/day for 5 days to 50mg/m and examined at various intervals after exposure showed no pulmonary response to titanium dioxide as determined by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid parameters or histopathology. Repeated exposure of rats to concentrations of 10-328mppcf of air for as long as 13 months caused small focal areas of emphysema, which were attributed to large deposits of dust. There was no evidence of any specific lesion being produced by titanium dioxide. ... 

Driscoll KE, Lindenschmidt RC, Maurer JK, et al Pulmonary response to inhaled silica or titanium dioxide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 111 201-210, 1991... 

Lee K et al Pulmonary response of rats exposed to titanium dioxide (Ti02) by inhalation for two years. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 79 179-192, 1985... 

Lee. K.P. Trochimowicz, H.J. (1982b) Pulmonary response to inhaled hexamethylphosphoramide in rats. Toxicol, appl. Pharmacol.. 62, 90-103... 

Wilson, R.A., Coulson, P.S., Betts, C., Dowling, M.A. and Smythies, L.E. (1996) Impaired immunity and altered pulmonary responses in mice with a disrupted interferon-gamma receptor gene exposed to the irradiated Schistosoma mansoni vaccine. Immunology 87, 275-282. 

Animal experiments could be designed to determine whether there are age-related differences in pulmonary responses to inhaled asbestos fibers (e g., fibrosis, cell proliferation, gene expression, macrophage production of reactive chemicals). For example, adult rats have been shown to display, within 20 days, a range of dose-related changes in pulmonary inflammation indices, increases in pulmonary cell proliferation. 

Kimizuka G, Shinozaki K, Hayashi Y. 1992. Comparison of the pulmonary responses to chrysotile and amosite asbestos administered intratracheally. I. Early phase of cellular reactions. Acta Pathol Jpn 42(10) 707-711. 

Dendritic cells play a central role in the initiation of the irmate and adaptive immune response, and it is believed that they provide a link between them (32). The airways and lungs contain a rich network of dendritic cells that are localized near the surface, so that they are located ideally to signal the entry of foreign substances that are inhaled. Dendritic cells can activate a variety of other inflammatory and immune cells, which include macrophages and neutrophils, as well as T- and B-Iymphocytes, so dendritic cells may play an important role in the pulmonary response to cigarette smoke and other inhaled noxious agents. However, an increase in dendritic cells is not observed in the airways of COPD patients in contrast to asthma patients (33)... 

Selig, W. and Tocker, J. (1992). Effect of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist on antigen-induced pulmonary responses in guinea-pigs. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 213, 331-336. 

Turner, C.R., Stow, R.B., Talerico, S.D. et al. (1993). Protective role for neuropeptides in acute pulmonary response to acrolein in guinea-pigs. J. Appl. Physiol. 75, 2456-2465. 

Table 1 Advantages and limitations of study approaches used to assess pulmonary response to inhaled toxicants...

Le Mesurier SM, Stewart BW, O Connell PJ, et al. 1979. Pulmonary responses to atmospheric pollutants II. Effect of petrol vapor inhalation on secretion of pulmonary surfactant. Pathology 11 81-87. 

Antonini JM, Taylor MD, Zimmer AT, Roberts JR. Pulmonary responses to welding fumes Role of metal constituents. J Toxicol Environ Health A 2004 67(3) 233-49. 

Schmekel B, Hedenstrom H, Kampe M, Lagerstrand L, Stalenheim G, Wollmer P, et al. The bronchial response, but not the pulmonary response, to inhaled methacholine is dependent on the aerosol deposition pattern. Chest 1994 106(6) 1781 -1787. 

All these findings very clearly demonstrate that only the combination of cobalt with tungsten carbide is a necessary condition to induce severe alveolitis leading to fibrosis. The pulmonary response produced by hardmetal dust is much more pronounced than that caused by pure cobalt or cobalt compounds, while WC alone shows almost no effect. Hardmetal disease is not a consequence of one of the hardmetal components but is a result of interaction between Co and WC particles, producing toxic activated oxygen species, presumably hydroxyl radicals. 

Akbar-Khanzadeh F, Vaquerano MU, Akbar-Khanzadch M, et al. 1994. Formaldehyde exposure, acute pulmonary response, and exposure control options in a gross anatomy laboratory. Am J Ind Med 26 61-75. 

Green DJ, Bascom R, Healey EM, et al. 1989. Acute pulmonary response in healthy, nonsmoking adults to inhalation of formaldehyde and carbon. J Toxicol Environ Health 28 261-275. 

Healey EM, Bascom R, Sauder L, et al. 1987. Acute pulmonary response in healthy non-smoking adults to inhalation of carbon and formaldehyde [Abstract]. Am Rev Respir Dis 135 A58. 

Kriebel D, Sama SR, Cocanour B. 1993. Reversible pulmonary responses to formaldehyde A study of clinical anatomy students. Am Rev Respir Dis 148 1509-1515. 

Monroe BA, Lee JS, Livingston GK, et al. 1988. Genetic and pulmonary responses to formaldehyde and phenol in anatomy lab [Abstract]. Clin Res 36 347A. 

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