Reactive nitrogen intermediates

(1991). Purification and characterisation of a third cytosolic component of the superoxide-generating NADPH oxidase of macrophages. J. Biol. Chem. 266, 23577-85. 

Boyhan, A., West, I., Thrasher, A. J., Segal, A. W. (1992). Reconstitution of neutrophil NADPH oxidase activity in the cell-free system by four components p67-phox, p47-phox, p2lracl, and cytochrome b.245. J. Biol. Chem. 267, 16767-70. 

Teahan, C. G., Segal, A. W. (1991). Activation of the NADPH oxidase involves the small GTP-binding protein p2lmcl. Nature 353, 668-70. 

English, D., Gabig, T. G. (1988). Rapid deactivation of NADPH oxidase in neutrophils continuous replacement by newly activated enzyme sustains the respiratory burst. Blood 72, 322-7. 

(1986). Phagocytic leukocyte oxygenation activities and chemiluminescence A kinetic approach to analysis. Methods Enzymol. 133 B, 449-93. 

---

James, S.L. andGlaven, J., Macrophage cytotoxicity against schistosomula of Schistosoma mansoni involves arginine-dependent production of reactive nitrogen intermediates, J. Immunol., 143, 4208,1989. 

Malawista, S. E., Montgomery, R. R., Van Blaricom, G. (1992). Evidence for reactive nitrogen intermediates in killing of Staphylococci by human neutrophil cytoplasts A new microbicidal pathway for polymorphonuclear leukocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 90, 631-6. 

Bogdan, C., Rollinghoff, M. and Diefenbach, A. (2000) Reactive oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates in innate and specific immunity. Curr. Opin. Immunol., 12, 64-76. 

Remick, D. G. and Villarete, L. (1996) Regulation of cytokine gene expression by reative oxygen and reactive nitrogen intermediates. J. Leukoc. Biol. 59,471-475. 

L10. Leeuwenburgh, C., Hardy, M. M., Hazen, S. L., Wagner, R, Oh-ishi, S., et al Reactive nitrogen intermediates promote low density lipoprotein oxidation in human atherosclerotic intima. J. Biol. Chem. 272, 1433-1436 (1997). 

Brosnan CF, Battistini L, Raine CS, Dickson DW, Casadevall A, Lee SC (1994) Reactive nitrogen intermediates in human neuropathology An overview. Dev Neurosci 16 152-161... 

Keller, R., Geiges, M., and Keist, R. (1990). L-arginine-dependent reactive nitrogen intermediates as mediators of tumor cell killing by activated macrophages. Cancer Res. 50,1421-1425. 

The role of NO in cancer biology and the mechanisms by which it exerts its effects have been the subjects of numerous recent reviews (Lechner et al. 2005 Hirst and Robson 2007 Bonavida et al. 2006 Mocellin et al. 2007 Miller and Megson 2007 McCarthy et al. 2008). The available data imphcate the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates, such as perox3mitrite (Pacher et al. 2007), in a profusion of pathways that may provide some specificity for tumours compared... 

Denis, M. (1991). Interferon-gamma treated murine macrophages inhibit growth of tubercle bacilli via the generation of reactive nitrogen intermediates. Cellular Immunology, 132, 150-157. 

Other possible modes of action may centre on stimulation of T cells (this occurred with the live aroA mutant of A. salmonicida Marsden et al., 1996), which introduces the role of cellular and innate rather than humoral immunity as the mode of action. For this, examples include A. hydrophila LPS (Baba et al., 1988) and E. tarda ECPs (Lee et al., 2010). Of course, there could be involvement of humoral, cell-mediated and innate immune parameters as stated for the i.p. administration of a live auxotrophic aroA mutant of A. hydrophila with effectiveness against furunculosis in rainbow trout (Vivas et al, 2004). Other possibilities include the evidence that one commercial formalized whole cell V. anguillarum vaccine induces Mx gene (these are inducible by Type I interferons and have a role in antiviral activity) expression in Atlantic salmon after administration intraperitoneally (Acosta et al., 2004). In another example, vaccination with P. damselae subsp. piscicida cells were found to enhance the nitric oxide response, i.e. the production of reactive nitrogen intermediates with their antimicrobial activities, to infection with the pathogen, and is correlated with the level of protection (Acosta et al., 2005). There was inhibition of F columnare adhesion to the skin of immersion vaccinated eel (Mano et al., 1996). Finally, mention will be made of a possible mechanism of protection of V. anguillarum vaccines that may well involve the inhibition of bacterial attachment by unknown factors in the skin mucus (Kawai and Kusuda, 1995). 

---