Cylinder design

Design of thick-walled cylinders, Design of removable closures, Manufacture of pressure vessels. Manufacture of tubing. 

Traditional compressor cylinder designs require cooling water jackets to promote uniform distribution of heat created by gas compression and friction. Some of the perceived advantages of water-cooled cylinders are reduced suction gas preheat, better cylinder lubrication, prolonged parts life, and reduced maintenance. 

An old 100-m pressure vessel, a vertical cylinder, designed for a gauge pressure of 5 psi (0.3 bar), was being used to store, at atmospheric pressure, a liquid of flash point 40°C. The fire heated the vessel to above 40°C and ignited the vapor coming out of the vent the fire flashed back into the tank, where an explosion occurred. The vessel burst at the bottom seam, and the entire vessel, except for the base, and contents went into orbit like a rocket [4]. 

Corrosive fluids or contaminants must be identified to the manufacturer. The principle gas stream may or may not be corrosive under some set of circumstances, yet the contaminants might require considerable attention in cylinder design. For example, considerable difference exists between handling bone-dry pure chlorine gas and the same material with 5 ppm moisture. The corrosiveness of the gas must be considered when selecting lubrication materials for the compression parts as well as seals, lubricants, etc. 

Figure 12-6J. Variety of standard and special valves designed and fabricated by the Hoerbiger Corporation. Many of these designs are used in compressor manufacturer s cylinder designs, and some valves have been designed by the compressor manufacturer. (Used by permission Bui. V-100A, 1993. Hoerbiger Corporation of America.)...

Piston displacement is the actual volume of the cylinder displaced as the piston travels its stroke from the start of the compression (condition (1)) to the end of the stroke (condition (e)) of Figure 12-12 expressed as fF of volume displaced per minute. Displacement values for specific cylinder designs are available from the manufacturers, Table 12-6. Neerken is a useful reference. Reciprocating compressors are usually rated in terms of piston displacement, which is the net volume in ft per minute displaced by the moving piston. Note that the piston does not move through the clearance volume of Figure 12-12 therefore this volume is not displaced during the stroke. 

Compression efficiency is the ratio of the work required to adiabatically compress a gas to the work actually done within the compressor cylinder as shown by indicator cards. Figures 12-12 and 12-16. The heat generated during compression adds to the work that must be done in the cylinder. Valves may vary from 50-95% efficient depending on cylinder design and the ratio of compression. Compression efficiency (or sometimes termed volumetric efficiency) is affected by several details of the systems ... 

The general steps in cylinder selection wiU be outlined. However, actual selection can be accomplished only by referring to a specific manufacturer s piston displacement and the volumetric efficiency of a cylinder. The volumetric efficiency is a function of the compression ratio and k value of gas (both independent of cylinder) and the % clearance, a function of cylinder design. 

By locating the anode entirely upstream from the ionized gas volume, collection of long range beta particles is minimized in the displaced coaxial cylinder design, and the direction of gas flow minimizes diffusion and convection of electrons to the collector electrode. However, the free electrons are sufficiently mobile that modest pulse voltages (e.g., 50 V) are adequate to cause the electrons to move against the gas flow and be collected during. this time. 

Flat plates or concentric cylinders may be utilized in the construction of an ionization chamber. The flat plate design is preferred because it has a well-defined active volume and ensures that ions will not collect on the insulators and cause a distortion of the electric field. The concentric cylinder design does not have a well-defined active volume because of the variation in the electric field as the insulator is approached. Ionization chamber construction differs from the proportional counter (flat plates or concentric cylinders vice a cylinder and central electrode) to allow for the integration of pulses produced by the incident radiation. The proportional counter would require such exact control of the electric field between the electrodes that it would not be practical. 

Jet-cutting systems need to be compact and suitable for robotic action in automated trains of production. Usually the hyper-pressure plunger pumps for water-jet cutting purposes are based on hydraulic amplifiers, of double-cylinder design, and provide high pressure water of up to 5000 bar. 

Fuel Storage Systems Compressed Gas Cylinders Custom Cylinder Design... 

However, there have been stories at inter-plant safety meetings that steam hoses created dangerous modifications. It seems that individuals who were unfamiliar with one-ton chlorine cylinder design placed steam hoses exhausting directly onto the portable cylinders to increase chlorine vaporization. 

A chlorine cylinder design includes three fuse plugs (which melt at 165° F or 74° C) in each end. The heat from steam reportedly melted the plugs and the chlorine escaped through 3/8-inch (0.9 cm) diameter orifices. (See Chapter 3 for details.) (A tragedy also occurred when a steam hose was used on an ice cream refrigeration unit in Chapter 4.)... 

Compressed gases are commonly stored in thick-walled metal cylinders designed especially for this purpose. All cylinders must comply with Canadian Transport Commission (CTC) regulations. Containers must be permanently marked with a serial number and specifications for the volume of the cylinder and the maximum pressure it can withstand. Containers must be tested every five to ten years, with the date of the test stamped on the cylinder. 

High-performance screw with bimetallic lined cylinder designed for processing a specific plastic can be cored for cooling. 

A number of concentric cylinder design factors affect the rheological data obtained and these are discussed next. 

Several shaft or cylinder designs are available today in A units for margarine processing. The A units can be grouped according to whether they are mounted with eccentric shafts, oval shafts, sectioned shafts, or oval tubes. 

Applicable to a broad range of processes, e.g., pharmaceutical, starch, ceramics, metallurgical, salt, etc., many variations of the RVF have been developed, however, the fundamental cylinder design remains the same. 

Design for turbulent combustion is another critical way that the design engineer can affect or improve the stoichiometry of a system. Turbulence helps the mixing process between the fuel and oxidizer. Injection ports, piston design, and cylinder design all contribute to good combustive characteristics. Further improvements in combustion are achieved by catalytic converters and exhaust gas recirculation. 

Another experimental set-up also applicable for relaxation studies is the overflowing cylinder designed for example by Bergink-Martens et al. (1990) and Prins (1992). Similar set-ups were... 

---