Cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside

Anthocyanins such as cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin-3-O-glucoside, and peonidin- 3- (9- ruLinoside (Fig. 1.22) have also been reported in sweet cherries (Prunus avium) and sour cherries (Prunus cerasus) [Wu et al., 2004]. 

Plums (Prunus domestica) and peaches are also a rich source of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside [Crozier et al., 2006c],... 

Moreover, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (5) also induced apoptosis in other human leukemia cell lines and human lymphoma cell lines such as MOLT-4 cells of human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, Daudi cells of human... 

Additionally, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (5) treatinent caused the reactive oxygen species (ROS)-dependent activations of two kinases such as p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPKinase) and Jim-N-terminal kinase (JNK). Because, the two kinases could contribute to their eell death by activating the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway mediated by Bim [10] of the pro-apoptotic molecule. The down-regulation of Bim or the overexpression of B-cell leukemia/lymphoma 2 protein or Bcl-x(L) protein of an antiapoptotic member of the Bcl-2 family proteins considerably inhibited the apoptosis. 

Apparently, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside (5) treatment could not lead to the accumulation of the increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) in normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells without the cytotoxic effects. 

Black currant 498-1,410 Delphinidin 3-O-rutinoside, cyanidin 3-O-rutinoside... 

Sweet cherries were known to the Egyptians and Chinese. Sour cherries were cultivated by the Greeks. Modern varieties are either pure-bred sweet (Prunus avium) or sour (Prunus cerasus) or hybrids of the two. Both contain anthocyanins, mainly cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside, with lower levels of other anthocyanins, including cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and peonidin-3-rutinoside (Wu and Prior 2005). Like peaches, they also contain hydroxycin-namates including 3-O-cafFeoylquinic add and 3-O-p-coumaroylquinic acid (Figure 7.26) (Mozetic etal. 2002). 

Plums were first cultivated by the Assyrians and were extensively hybridized by the Romans. They were introduced to Northern Europe by the crusaders. Prunes are plums that have been dried without being allowed to ferment. Numerous varieties of plums, mainly Prunus domestka, are cultivated world-wide and they are a rich source of anthocyanins in the form of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside which are also found in peaches. They also contain significant quantities of 3-0- and 5-O-caffeoylquinic add and procyanidins with degrees of polymerization up to and greater than ten (Tomas-Barberan et al. 2001 Gu etal. 2004). Dried plums lack anthocyanins but 3-0- and 5-O-calfeoylquinic acid... 

Cyanidin-3-O-P D-rutinoside Fr° ° Cyanidin-3-O-P-D-glucosyl-rutinoside Cycloartanol, 23-trans-dehydro, 31-nor, 24-methyl Fixed... 

Quercetin, isorhamnetin, quercitrin, kaempferol 3-O-rutinoside, isorhamnetin 3-O-glucoside, and morin Betulinic acid, oleanolic add, and ursolic add Vanillic acid, caffeic add, p-coumaric add, ferulic acid, delphinidin, cyanidin, quercetin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin, procyanidin B2, and procyanidin B3... 

The fruits of Cornus alternifolia showed similar anthocyanin profile as those of Cornus controversa [Vareed et al., 2006], the relative amounts of anthocyanins in these fruits were found in the following order delphinidin-3-O-rutinoside > delphinidin-3-O-glucoside cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. The anthocyanin content in Cornus alternifolia fruits was several times higher than in other commonly consumed fiuits. 

The effects of pH under model conditions (0.6 to 5.5 for 24 hr) were covered by Nielsen et al. for four anthocyanins (3-O-glucoside, glycosylated cyanidin, rutinoside, and delphinidin rutinoside). After 24 hr, over 90% of the anthocyanins were intact up to pH 3.3, while instabihty greatly increased at pH greater than 4.5. 

The dose response and metabolism of strawberry anthocyanins were examined with 12 healthy adults who had consumed each of three different doses of strawberry anthocyanin. The four main anthocyanins in pureed strawberries were pelargonidin 3-O-glucoside (94, 87.8%), cyanidin 3-0-glucoside (60, 7.7%), pelargonidin-3-rutinoside (4.5%), and pelargonidin-3-(6"-acetoyl)glucoside (trace) (Fig. 21). 

Figure 10 TLC separation on cellulose (O.l mm, Merck) ofanthocyaninsfn>inraspbeny(i u6i lil aeitf) with densitometric detection at 525 nm using cone, hydrochloric acid-formic acid-water (25 24 51) as mobile phase. Peak identities (1) Cyanidin-3-(2 -glucosyI)-rutinoside (2) Cyanidin-3-sophoroside (3) Cyanidin-3-sambu-bioside (4) Cyanidin-3-rutinoside (5) Cyanidin-3-gIucoside.

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