Current density induced

Fig. 5. Computed map of the 77 current density calculated in the ipsocentric approach for pentalene optimised at the RHF/6-31G level [14c]. Arrows show the projection of the current density induced by unit perpendicular magnetic field in the plane 1 bohr above the molecule. The clockwise sense indicates paramagnetic (anti-Lenz) circulation.

In terms of peptide/protein delivery using electroporation, the most systematic work has been performed with the decapeptide LHRH, and the ability of electroporation to induce its rapid delivery relative to conventional iontophoresis, in particular, has been clearly demonstrated. Specifically, using human skin in vitro, it was shown that a single electro-porative pulse applied for 5 ms, followed by 30 min of iontophoresis at normal current densities, induced significantly higher delivery of LHRH than iontophoresis... 

Now let us define a current density induced in a very thin ring within a unit cross-section due to the primary magnetic field, Ho (see Fig. 2.6). 

The physical meaning of this last expression should be obvious it is the current density induced by the primary magnetic field of the dipole source alone. As can be seen from eq. 2.64 the current density Jq0 is shifted by 90° in phase with respect to the current of the source. If we could neglect any secondary effects caused by magnetic field accompanying induced currents in the medium the character of the current distribution could be defined precisely by eq. 2.64. 

The CTOCD-DZ definitions for the magnetic susceptibility polarizabilities (23) and (25) can be arrived at by formally annihilating the diamagnetic contribution to the current density induced in the electrons by the uniform external magnetic field in the presence of an external electric field with a uniform EFG. 

Then the current densities induced by the electrode potential change from to E, as described by Eqns (2.10) and (2.11), can be rewritten as ... 

The molar flux of water generated in the ORR at the cathode at a typical current density of 1 A cm is 0.05 mol m s . At the same current density, the water flux due to electro-osmosis is 0.05-0.1 mol m s . These processes, whose rates are linked to the current density, induce nonuniform distributions of water within the MEA, which can have a negative impact on performance. Extreme situations of PEM dehydration on the anode side or excessive accumulation of liquid water in electrode layers on the cathode side could cause fuel cell failure. 

The electronic current density induced by a static magnetic field... 

Employing Eqs. (35)-(37), the first-order electronic current density induced by the external magnetic field can be written as a sum of paramagnetic and diamagnetic contributions. 

The paramagnetic spin-orbital contributions to the electronic current density induced by the nuclear magnetic... 

In a number of instances, the MLL formulation is quite useful, e.g., it yields powerful tools for studying molecular magnetic response, which can be rationahzed via the electronic current density induced by a spatially uniform, time-independent external magnetic field B and by intramolecular magnetic dipoles rtij, I = 1,2... N at the nuclei. The practical advantages of deahng with a vector function of position in real space, instead of a complex wave function depending on 6n space-spin coordinates for an n particle problem, are evident. 

Electron Current Density Induced by Magnetic Fields and Nuclear Magnetic Dipoles... 

The expression for the quantum mechanical current density induced in the electron cloud by a homogeneous, static magnetic field B = V x A , where... 

Analogous expressions are found for the current density induced by a nuclear magnetic dipole m/ via the Ramsey nuclear spin/electron orbit interaction [12, 13, 15, 16, 51, 52, 61-63]. The diamagnetic contribution is connected to the probability density of the unperturbed system [59], Eq. (7.9),... 

The anapole moment can be expressed [118] via the current density induced by a uniform magnetic field B,... 

Current Density Induced by a Pair of Magnetic Dipole Moments and Nuclear Spin-Spin Coupling... 

A magnetic field perpendicular to any plane can induce a current density in and parallel to the selected plane. Following Equation 10.1, this current density induces a counter field. In this sense, the induced magnetic fields and induced current densities are complementary to each other. Induced current densities are usually given in one selected plane parallel to the molecular ring, while the induced field contains information of the overall current density distribution. However, it is not clear... 

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