Displacement, electric

Some studies indicate that higher carbon savings can be achieved by displacing electricity from fossil fuel power stations. Abundant renewable power and the practical elimination of C02 emissions from electricity gen-... 

To adequately determine the overall effect of C02 for each option studied, the C02 balance must incorporate C02 emissions in addition to those emitted from the process itself. For example, each case produces electricity, except for the maximum hydrogen production case (Case 3), and for these cases (Cases 1, 2, and 4) a C02 emissions credit must be taken for displacing electricity from the grid. Because the maximum hydrogen production case (Case 3) requires some grid electricity, the system must be debited (rather than credited) with C02 emissions equivalent to the plant s net electricity requirement. Additionally, for the two options that recover coalbed methane (Case 3 and 4), each of those systems must be credited... 

According to the macroscopic Maxwell approach, matter is treated as a continuum, and the field in the matter in this case is the direct result of the electric displacement (electric induction) vector D, which is the electric field corrected for polarization [7] ... 

Magnetic flux density Electric displacement Electric field strength Magnetic field strength Magnetization Polarization (dielectric)... 

In case of CHP production, this factor was reflected in the allocation by assigning 430 allowances for every GWh of electricity produced by CHP in 2003. This benchmark was based on an estimate of the displaced electricity production from a coal-fired plant and its sole purpose was to recognise the contribution of CHP in the allocation at the installation level. Eligibility was based on a written document stating how many GWh were supplied to the electricity grid or on the statement of a statutory representative in case of own consumption (electricity consumed inside the installation, not supplied to the grid). For the purposes of this bonus, a reserve of 1.5% of the total projected emissions was deducted. 

Here p( ) is the electric dipole (El) operator for molecule c located at position R , Qij(c) is the corresponding electric quadrupole (E2) operator, and m( c) is the magnetic dipole (Ml) operator. The diamagnetization does not contribute to this order of approximation. We also recognize in Eqs. (12) and (13) the microscopic transverse displacement electric field, dx, whose quantum operator form will be discussed in the next section. Explicit expressions for the components of the... 

The development of the quantum field theory so far has been cast in a form most directly suited for applications in which the material part of the system comprises only those molecules or optical centers involved in the interactions of interest, with no other matter present. More generally in condensed-phase materials, such centers are surrounded by other atoms or molecules whose electronic properties modify the fields experienced (and produced) by those optical centers. To take account of such influences, we introduce the microscopic displacement electric field d. This arises as a direct consequence of working within the multipolar... 

The nature of media effects relates to the fact that, since the microscopic displacement field is the net field to which molecules of the medium are exposed, it corresponds to a fundamental electric field dynamically dressed by interaction with the surroundings. The quantized radiation is in consequence described in terms of dressed photons or polaritons. A full and rigorous theory of dressed optical interactions using noncovariant molecular quantum electrodynamics is now available [25-27], and its application to energy transfer processes has been delineated in detail [10]. In the present context its deployment leads to a modification of the quantum operators for the auxiliary fields d and h, which fully account for the influence of the medium—the fundamental fields of course remain unchanged. Expressions for the local displacement electric and the auxiliary magnetic field operators [27], correct for all microscopic interactions, are then as follows... 

In the Maxwell approach, in which matter is treated as a continuum, we must in many cases ascribe a dipole density to matter. Let us compare the vector fields D and E for the case in which only a dipole density is present. Differences between the values of the field vectors arise from differences in flieir sources. Both the external charges and the dipole density of the sample act as sources of these vectors. The external charges contribute to D and E in the same maimer (2). The electric displacement (electric induction) vector D is defined as... 

K. Feng, C. Sun, Y. Kang, J. Chen, J.-H. Jiang, G.-L. Shen, and R.-Q. Yu, Label-free electrochemical detection of nanomolar adenosine based on target-induced aptamer displacement, Electr. Comm., 10,531-535 (2008). 

Although it is desirable to be able to capture the full dynamics of both ion transport and solvent transport [Asaka and Oguro (2000) Tadokoro et al. (2000)], such an attempt typically does not lead to analytical solutions. Therefore, we follow Nemat-Nasser and Li (2000) and focus on the dynamics of cations only. Let D, E, , and p denote the electric displacement, electric field, electric potential, and charge density, respectively. The following field equations hold ... 

Local name Electric displacement Electric field ... 

Dielectric relaxation is a standard name for conductive-capacitive processes occurring in materials submitted to electric field and current under a dynamic regime. The two system constitutive properties involved are the permittivity e, also called dielectric constant, which is the spatially reduced capacitance, and the conductivity a, which is the spatially reduced conductance. The permittivity has been studied in Chapter 5 (dealing with space-distributed poles) in case studies B3 Electric Space Charges, B4 Poisson Equation, and B5 Gauss Equation. It relates the electric field E to the electric displacement ( electrization ) D... 

GRAPH 11.33 Two-dimensional Formal Graphs of the constraint that models the spatial damping as a three-dimensional oscillator in electrodynamics. The constraint comes from the existence of an extra capacitance between the electric displacement ( electrization ) D and the potential density V,A-... 

Electrical energy transfer in a conductor is a work term since the charge and voltage are equivalent to a force and displacement. Electrical resistance, where electrical work is transformed into heat, is analogous to mechanical friction. 

The relationship between the electric field, electric displacement, electric polarization, and mechanical stress and strain is given by what are called constituitive relations. The electrical quantities are related in the following manner ... 

It is well known that for any polarizable medium an electric field E induces a polarization P =D-EoE, where D is the displacement electric vector. Now, in a nematic the molecular dipolar moments are oriented ap>proximately parallel with respiect to the long axis of the molecules. Thus, the induced polarization gives rise to a director orientation. In contrast the influence of the magnetic field in a nematic is much weaker and in general, the induced magnetization can be neglected. A very well known result based on conventional thermodynamic arguments establishes that the work associated to an electric field E =-V, is... 

Positive displacement/electric drive Carbon steel Actual power = 2.7 kW Efficiency 75%... 

Electric displacement, electric flux density coulomb per square metre Cm-2 m-2 s A... 

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