Cultivars identification

Enantiomeric distribution of y-lactone homologues from different apricot cultivars. Identification of dihydro-actinidiolide (co-eluted with y-Cl 1 on DB-1701)... 

Saz and Marina [148] published a comprehensive review on HPLC methods and their developments to characterize soybean proteins and to analyze soybean proteins in meals. In the case of soybean derived products, a number of papers dealing with cultivar identification [149,150], quantification of soybean proteins [151-154], detection of adulteration with bovine milk proteins [151,155-158], and characterization of commercial soybean products on the basis of their chromatographic protein profile [159,160] have been published in the last years. Other studies deal with the analysis of soybean proteins added to meat [161-165], dairy [151,165-167], and bakery products [156,163,168,169]. The same research group developed perfusion RP-HPLC methods for very rapid separation of maize proteins (3.4 min) and characterization of commercial maize products using multivariate analysis [170], and for the characterization of European and North American inbred and hybrid maize lines [171]. 

Improvement of yield Cultivar identification and Size-exclusion 116, 121... 

MG Scanlon, HD Sapirstein, W Bushuk. Evaluation of the precision of high-performance liquid chromatography for wheat cultivar identification. Cereal Chem 66 112-116, 1989. 

FR Huebner, JA Bietz, BD Webb, BO Juliano. Rice cultivar identification by high-performance liquid chromatography of endosperm proteins. Cereal Chem 67 129-135, 1990. 

RE Buehler, MB McDonald Jr, TT Van Toai, SK St Martin. Soybean cultivar identification using high performance liquid chromatography of seed proteins. Crop Sci 29 32-37, 1989. 

Enantiomeric distribution of -y-lactone homologues from different apricot cultivars. Identification of dihydro-actinidiolide (co-eluted with y-Cl 1 on DB-1701) Fused silica retention gap (10 m X 0.25 mmi.d.) coupled to a DB-1701 column (15 m X 0.25 mm i.d. 1 pun 1 pjnfilm thickness) Glass capillary column (38 m X 0.2 mm i.d.) coated with heptakis (3-0-acetyl-2,6-di-0-pcnlyl)-/3-cyclodextrin 3... 

High resolution two-dimensional electrophoresis allows hundreds of proteins to be separated and characterized in submilligram samples of complex protein mixtures. Applications of this method to the analysis of agriculturally important products, including milk, meat, and wheat are reviewed. In a model study we analyzed 100 individual kernels of the wheat cultivar Newton (Triticum aestivum L.) for electrophoretic variants. One variant protein was found in 47 kernels, while three variant proteins occurred together in two of the kernels. The implications of two-dimensional electrophoresis for cultivar identification and the problem of relating electrophoretic protein variants to genetic variants are discussed. 

Another major use of computers for HPLC data should be varietal identification (see later). Qualitatively, cereal storage proteins vary little within genotypes but significantly among different varieties, so they provide characteristic fingerprints. Varietal identification can be automated by computer comparisons with stored standard data. Scanlon et al. [80] showed that normalization of peak retention times provided sufficient precision for cultivar identification. Resulting data based on peak heights and times could be used in an automated library search to identify wheat varieties [81]. 

Marchylo and Kruger [26,52] developed and optimized conditions to separate barley and malt prolamins (hordeins) by RP-HPLC, and used these methods for cultivar identification based on qualitative and quantitative differences. Elution profiles were largely independent of growth location, year, and protein content. Identification of barley cultivars by hordein lE-HPLC was also reported [164], Barley HPLC varietal identification was reviewed by Marchylo [165],... 

Hay and Sutton [145] first used RP-HPLC of prolamins to identify rye cultivars. Kubiczek et al. [120] subsequently examined this problem, made more difficult by ryels outcrossing nature and the heterogeneity of many established cultivars. Procedures were optimized for isolation and RP-HPLC of rye prolamins (secalins), extended to the intergeneric wheat-rye cross tricicale, and used for cultivar identification. These studies are reviewed by Kubiczek et al. [122]. 

Thomas, M.R., Matsumoto, S., Cain, R, Scott, N., 1993. Repetitive DNA of grapevine classes present and sequences suitable for cultivar identification. Theor. Appl. Genet. 86,173-180. 

Castellanos-Santiago E and Yahia EM. 2008. Identification and quantification of betalaines from the fruits of 10 Mexican prickly pear cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography and electron spray ionization mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 56 5758-5764. 

Ornelas-Paz JJ, Yahia EM and Gardea A. 2007. Identification and quantification of xanthophyll esters, carotenes and tocopherols in the fruit of seven Mexican mango cultivars by liquid chromatography-APcI+-time of flight mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 55 6628-6635. 

There have been many survey studies of citrus flavonoids, yet by no means has an exhaustive analysis been performed for all species and cultivars. Surveys often are initiated by hydrolysis of tissue extracts and identification of the flavonoid aglycones present in the tissues. This provides a basis for subsequent identification of the glycosylated compounds present... 

Tsukamoto, H., S. Hisada, and S. Nishibe. Isolation of secoiridoid gluco-sides from the bark of Olea europaea. Shoyakugaku Zasshi 1985 39(1) 90-92. Fleuriet, A., J. ]. Macheix, C. Andary, and P. Villemur. Identification and determination of verbascoside by high-performance liquid chromatography in the fruit of six cultivars of Olea... 

Most publications dealing with HPLC of cereals report on wheat. However, the results obtained for wheat are not necessarily valid for other cereals. As with wheat, research on nonwheat cereals usually deals with identification of varieties or cultivars and the evaluation of processing quality of the different varieties. 

Identification of oat (Avena) cultivars by HPLC was first reported by Lookhart and coworkers (153-155) in combined electrophoresis/HPLC experiments. The HPLC technique used was a modification of the procedure described by Bietz (137) for wheat. Generally, the prolamin fraction, i.e., the alcohol-soluble fraction, of oat species generates complex polyacrylamide gel-electrophoresis (PAGE) and RP-HPLC patterns, with increasing complexity as ploidy of the selections increased. Readily (visible) identification of the cultivars was possible only when PAGE and RP-HPLC results were combined. An HPLC procedure for the characterization of the major oat protein fractions was developed by Lapvetelainen et al. (156). Salt-soluble, alcohol-soluble, and alkali-soluble protein fractions were extracted with 0.1 M NaCl, 52% ethanol, and 1% SDS in 0.05 M borate (pH 10), respectively. For the five cultivars examined, RP-HPLC separations of salt- and alkali-soluble proteins were very similar, whereas the prolamin fraction enabled culti-var differentiation, except for very closely related cultivars. 

GL Lookhart. Identification of oat cultivars by combining polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. Cereal Chem 62 345-350, 1985. 

GL Lookhart, LD Albers, Y Pomeranz, BD Webb. Identification of U.S. rice cultivars by high-performance liquid chromatography. Cereal Chem 64 199-206, 1987. 

For phenolics in fruit by-products such as apple seed, peel, cortex, and pomace, an HPLC method was also utilized. Apple waste is considered a potential source of specialty chemicals (58,62), and its quantitative polyphenol profile may be useful in apple cultivars for classification and identification. Chlorogenic acid and coumaroylquinic acids and phloridzin are known to be major phenolics in apple juice (53). However, in contrast to apple polyphenolics, HPLC with a 70% aqueous acetone extract of apple seeds showed that phloridzin alone accounts for ca. 75% of the total apple seed polyphenolics (62). Besides phloridzin, 13 other phenolics were identified by gradient HPLC/PDA on LiChrospher 100 RP-18 from apple seed (62). The HPLC technique was also able to provide polyphenol profiles in the peel and cortex of the apple to be used to characterize apple cultivars by multivariate statistical techniques (63). Phenolic compounds in the epidermis zone, parenchyma zone, core zone, and seeds of French cider apple varieties are also determined by HPLC (56). Three successive solvent extractions (hexane, methanol, aqueous acetone), binary HPLC gradient using (a) aqueous acetic acid, 2.5%, v/v, and (b) acetonitrile fol-... 

Bouaziz M., Grayer R. J., Simmonds, M. S. J., Damak, M., and Sayadi, S., 2005, Identification and antioxidant potential of flavonoids and low molecular weight phenols in olive cultivar Chemlali growing in Tunisia J. Agric. Food Chem. 53 236-241. 

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