Crystallizers cost estimation

Fig. 1. Cost per ampere meter for various superconducting magnet wires circles - Nb3Sn values for 106 lbs. quantity (26-27) crosses - NbTi values for present SSC spec (26) x s - 4.2 K YBaCuO value from 1.2/cm3 cost estimate and measured single crystal critical current densities at 4.2 K 81. For YBaCuO at 77 K (solid and dashed lines), a current density form J(l-H/Hc2) was used with J=105A/cm2 and Hc2 either 30 T (single crystal value for H-f-c (19)) or 6 T (H c).

The cost of the CsI(TI) caloniiK ter is dominated by the cost of the CsI(Tl) crystals themselves. The price of the CsI(Tl) crystals will ultimately be determined through bids we have been closely following recent activity in this area, and have based our crystal price estimate on recent large orders. The cost of silicon diodes is well-determined the cost of APD s. somewhat less so. The mechanical systems associated w ith tlie calorimeter arc conventional and well-understood. 

Reduction of exhaust emissions is being tackled in two ways by engineers, including precombustion and postcombustion technology. One of the most effective methods now being researched and adopted includes use of synthetic fuel made from natural gas. This fuel is crystal clear, and just like water, it has no aromatics, contains no sulfur or heavy metals, and when used with a postcombustion device such as a catalytic converter any remaining NO, or other emissions can be drastically reduced. Estimates currently place the cost of this fuel at 1.50 per gallon, with availability in 2004 to meet the next round of stiff EPA exhaust emission standards. 

Until 2004, no betalain standards were commercially available and current products lack the required purity. Preparative isolation from plant material is laborious and costly and the resulting standard substances vary in relative humidity, crystal water, and salts, resulting in over- or under-estimation of pigment contents... 

Bombardier C, Eisenberg J. Looking into the crystal ball Can we estimate the lifetime cost of rheumatoid arthritis J Rheumatol 1985 12 201-4. 

In experimentation, prior knowledge can be quantified by making use of experience, theory, intuition, and all the scientific and pseudoscientific means for estimating what would happen in a given situation. This can be quantified by computer techniques into a prior probability distribution. Knowing this distribution, experimentation can proceed sequentially and selectively, minimizing total cost and maximizing the contribution of past experience. The crystal ball is not necessary, but neither is excessively extensive experimentation. 

J. D. Dunitz19 has estimated the cost in entropy of tying up solvent water. The entropy of a water molecule of hydration in. a crystal or mineral is 42 J/mol/K (10 cal/mol/K), which represents the lower limit for a tightly bound molecule. The entropy of water in liquid water is 67-71 J/mol/K (16-17 cal/mol/K), which represents the upper limit for the least constrained water molecule in solution. Thus, the energetic cost of immobilizing a water molecule is between 0 and 8.3 kJ/mol (0 and 2 kcal/mol) at 25°C (298 K). 

Single-crystal silicon, solar-cell modules presently cost 5-10 per peak watt (Wp), and the world market for 1983 is estimated to be 18 - 20 MWP. By 1990, the annual sales for photovoltaic modules may be greater than 1 billion (Brandhorst et al., 1982). 

U.S. 6,649,754 (to Merck) describes a process for making mannitol by hydrogenation of a mixture of glucose and fructose. U.S. 3,632,656 (to Atlas Chemical) describes recovery of mannitol from a mixture with sorbitol by crystallization from aqueous solution. U.S. 4,456,774 (to Union Carbide) describes an adsorptive separation of mannitol from sorbitol. U.S. 6,235,947 (to Takeda Chemical Industries) describes a process for recrystallizing mannitol to improve the crystal morphology and hence make a more compressible product that can be used in making tablets. Estimate the cost of production of Mannitol by the Merck route and determine which separation is most economical. What is the additional cost of making the recrystallized product via the Takeda route ... 

Synthetic zeolites are used in a variety of catalyst and adsorbent applications. Most zeolites are synthesized in batch processes, but U.S. 6,773,694 (to UOP) describes a continuous crystallization process for zeolite formation. The resulting crystals can be dried and formulated into catalysts, adsorbents, and other products. Estimate the costs of producing zeolite X and Mordenite by this method. 

Estimate the cost of the proposed extraction operation relative to alternative separation technologies, such as extractive distillation, adsorption, and crystallization. Explore other options if they appear less expensive or offer other advantages. 

Most crystallization equipment is custom-designed, and costs for a particular application may vary greatly from those illustrated in Fig. 18-82. Realistic estimation of installation costs also requires reference to local labor rates, site-specific factors, and other case specifics. 

An estimate of the energy cost for such uniform deformations can be built on the basis of the crystal periodicity. In particular, a simple model of this energy can be written in the form... 

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