Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts

Pure Ti02 was recently reported to be active in the disinfection of water contaminated by spores of the type Fusarium solani [142], Bacillus anthracis [143], or Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts [144], or when supported as nanocomposites on zeolite H(i for E. coli deactivation [145], and it found applications in water treatment as a replacement for chlorine. Ag-Ti02 immobilized systems were used for inactivation of bacteria, coupling the visible light response of the system and the strong bactericidal effect of Ag [146]. Silver was deposited on hydroxyapatite to form nanocomposites with a high capacity for bacterial adsorption and inactivation [147], or used for airborne bacterial remediation in indoor air [148],... 

Kuczynska E., Boyer D.G., Shelton D.R., Comparison of immunofluorescence assay and immunomagnetic electrochemiluminescence in detection of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in karst water samples, J. Microbiol. Meth. 2003 53 17-26. 

Robertson, L. J., Campbell, A. T., and Smith, H. V. (1992). Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts under various environmental pressures. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 58, 3494-3500. 

Entrala E, Mascaro C (1997) Glycolytic enzyme activities in Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. FEMS Microbiol Lett 151 51-57... 

Originally, the use of a smaller number of MP Hg lamps (P2 =1-5 kW) seemed to have several advantages over the LP Hg lamp systems, particularly with respect to inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts at a low UV fluence Ho of 19 mj cm and a reduction factor i f of 3.9 (Bukhari et al, 1999). However, recent investigations consistently established a 3 log-unit inactivation of C. parvum oocysts at a germicidal UV fluence Hq of 25 mJ cm for both MP and LP Hg lamps. Both lamp types were found to be equally effective for the inactivation of oocysts when compared on a germicidal fluence basis (Craik et al, 2001). 

In conclusion, the resent research by Clancy et al. (2000, 1998), Bukhari et al. (1999) and Craik et al. (2001) has convincingly demonstrated that UV-C is highly effective at inactivating Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts (and Giardia muris cysts)... 

Clancy JL, Bukhari Z, HargyTM, Bolton JR, Dussert B, Marshall MM (2000) Comparison of Medium- and Low-Pressure Ultraviolet Light for Inactivation of Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts, J. Am. Water Works Assoc. 92, No. 9 97-104. 

Craik SA, Weldon D, Finch GR, Bolton J R, Belosevic M (2001) Inactivation of Cryptosporidium Parvum Oocysts using Medium- and Low-Pressure Ultraviolet Radiation, Wat. Res. 35, No. 6 1387-1398. 

G-A. Shin, K. G. Linden, M. J. Arrowood, and M. D. Sobsey, Low-pressure UV inactivation and DNA repair potential of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Applied Environmental Microbiology 67(7), 3029-3032 (2001). 

Fayer, R., Graczyk, T.K., Lewis, E.J., Trout, J.M., and Farley, C.A. 1998. Survival of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica) in the Chesapeake Bay. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 64, 1070-1074. 

Freire-Santos, F., Gomez-Couso, H., Ortega-Inarrea, M.R., Castro-Hermida, J.A., Oteiza-Lopez, A.M., Garcia-Martin, O., and Arez-Mazas, M.E. 2002. Survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts recovered from experimentally contaminated oysters (Ostrea edulis) and clams (Tapes decussatus). Parasitol. Res. 88, 130-133. 

Gomez-Bautista, M., Ortega-Mora, L.M., Tabares, E., Lopez-Rodas, V., and Costas, E. 2000. Detection of infectious Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis) in cockles (Cerastoderma edule). Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 66, 1866-1870. 

Graczyk, T.K., Fayer, R., Cranfield, M.R., and Conn, D.B. 1997c. In vitro interactions of the Asian freshwater clam (Corbicula fluminea) hemocytes and Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Appl. 

Graczyk, T.K., Fayer, R., Lewis, E.J., Higgins, J.A., Jenkins, M.A., Thompson, R.C.A., Xiao, L., Adams, P., Morgan, U.M., and Lai, AA. 2000b. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts and Giardia duodenalis cysts in molluscan shellfish. Acta Parasitol 45, 148. 

Graczyk, T.K., Evans, B.M., Shiff, C.J., Karreman, H.J., and Patz, J.A. 2000c. Environmental and geographical factors contributing to contamination of watershed with Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Environ. Res. 82, 263-271. 

Graczyk, T.K., Marcogliese, D.J., de Lafontaine, Y., da Silva, A.J., Mhangami-Ruwende, B., and Pieniazek, N.J. 2001. Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in zebra mussels (Dreissena polymorpha) Evidence from the St. Lawrence River. Parasitol. Res. 87, 231-234. 

Izumi, T., Itoh, Y., Yagita, K., Endo, T., and Ohyama, T. 2004. Brackish water benthic shellfish Corbicula japonica) as a biological indicator for Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in river water. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 72, 29-37. 

Jenkins, M.C., Trout, J., Abrahamsen, M.S., Higgins, J., and Fayer, R. 2000. Estimating viability of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts using reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) directed at mRNA encoding amyloglucosidase. J. Microbiol. Methods 34, 97-106. 

Tamburrini, A. and Pozio, E. 1999. Long-term survival of Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in seawater and in experimentally infected mussels (Mytilus galloprovincialis). Inti. J. Parasitol. 29, 711-715. 

Vesey, G., Ashbolt, N., Fricker, E.J., Deere, D., William, K.L., Veal, D.A., and Dorsch, M. 1998. The use of a ribosomal RNA targeted oligonucleotide probe for fluorescent labeling of viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. J. Appl. Microbiol. 85, 429-440. 

Lee YM et al (2001) Development and application of a quantitative, specific assay for Cryptosporidium parvum oocyst detection in high-turbidity environmental water samples. Am J Trop Med Hyg 65(1) 1-9... 

Call JL, Arrowood M, Xie LT, Hancock K, Tsang VC (2001) Immunoassay for viable Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts in turbid environmental water samples. J Parasitol 87(1) 203-210... 

Cryptosporidium parvum Oocysts Water NASBARNA amplification, ECL probe detection, NuchSens reader About five viable oocysts per sample (298)... 

Vassal S, Favennec L, Ballet JJ, Brasseur P. (1998) Hydrogen peroxide gas plasma sterilization is effective against Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts. Am J Infect Control 26 136-138. 

The instrument was again tested on Giardia lamblia and on smaller micro-organisms, Cryptosporidium parvum oocysts with a diameter of approximately 3 pm. In the first case, an 18-fold improvement in SNR is obtained versus autofluorescence background while a 13-fold improvement is revealed in the second case. These improvements are smaller by a factor of about 2 with respect to the more sophisticated TR microscope fitted with an EMCCD camera and described above [54], but the authors insist on the minimum modification required to the epifluorescence microscope and, also, on the low cost of this modification, about US 2000. 

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