High turbidity

The standard feedwell for a thickener is designed for a maximum vertical outlet velocity of about 1.5 iTi/min (5 ft/min). High turbidity... 

Higher than expected hardness levels are usually attributed to inadequate chemical addition or poor sludge recirculation. High turbidity is often attributable to fluctuating hydraulic loading on the process plant. 

If the water sample has high turbidity, it may be necessary to separate suspended solid (SS) from water before the analysis as described later. Chemicals that are hydrophobic and of low water solubility are easy to adsorb on SS. 

Figure 3. The concentration of nranium (nM) versns salinity on the Amazon Shelf with an ideal dilntion line drawn throngh the riverine and seawater end members. Removal of dissolved U is evident at salinities that range from 0 to 16. The bottom illustration shows as a function of salinity for the same waters on the Amazon Shelf. A seawater value (144 0.2) is rapidly reached at a salinity of 4 during estuarine mixing. The high turbidity zone of the water colurtm is defined by the greatest suspended particulate concentrations. Data from Swarzenski et al. (2003).

Smoak JM, DeMaster DJ, Kuehl SA, Pope RH, McKee BA (1996) The behavior of particle-reactive tracers in a high turbidity environment " Th and °Pb on the Amazon continental shelf Geochim Cosmochim Acta 60 2123-2137... 

As many alpine rivers - especially in the European Alps - contribute to lakes on their way to the lowlands and oceans, the effects of rivers are translated also to downstream lakes (Table 1). At high turbidity, the particle content determines the water density, whereas variations in temperature and salt content are often... 

Free product, suspended solids, and highly turbid waste streams lower UV reactor efficiency. The CAV-OX process does not treat metals. It may, however, oxidize metallic ions or reduce metallic salts while destroying organic contaminants. The disadvantages of the CAV-OX process include high energy consumption, not cost effective at high contaminant concentrations, and the process mechanisms are not well documented. 

The aqueous stream being treated must provide transmission of UV light (high turbidity causes interference). 

Present data illustrate the technique for an in situ determination of surface areas. Related methods had been applied primarily to the study of site distributions in clay minerals, particularly by Russian workers (66), and they were used by Bergmann and O Konski in a detailed investigation of the methylene blue-montmorillonite system (3). In fact, changes in electronic spectra arising from surface interactions received sufficient attention in the past to warrant their review by A. Terenin (65). Most of these investigations involved transmittance spectra but new techniques in reflection spectrophotometry and applications of the Kubelka-Munk relation have facilitated the quantitative evaluation of spectra in highly turbid media (35, 69, 77). Thus, in agreement with the work of Kortiim on powders and anhydrous dispersions (31, 32, 33), our results demonstrate the applicability of the Kubelka-Munk function... 

The COC is low, only 2.2x, based on chloride. Validity of the analyses Why is COC so low Distributor to return and find reason Also, note the high turbidity. How is it explained Suspect poor cooling system management ... 

Nevertheless, the phosphate reserves are low, also a low M alkalinity. Is the correct amount of Chemical 1 being added Or is there some calcium phosphate/carbonate deposition occurring (high turbidity) Is correct amount of stabilizer Chemical 2 being added Distributor to determine facts ... 

The cooling system needs cleaning. High turbidity tends to coincide with reports of heat-exchanger fouling. 

The interactions between pectins and sugars (rhamnose, arabinose, and galatose) are principally responsible for the high turbidity and viscosity of fruit juice. Pectinases immobilized in membranes are used to reduce the viscosity of fruit juice [12, 13]. 

Tseng, C.M., Amouroux, D., Abril, G, Tessier, E., Etcheber, H., and Donard, O.F.X. (2001) Speciation of mercury in a fluid mud profile of a highly turbid macrotidal estuary (Gironde, France). Environ. Sci. Technol. 35, 2627-2633. 

Uncles, C.M., Lavender, S.J., and Stephens, J.A. (2001) Remotely sensed observations of the turbidity maximum in the high turbid Humber Estuary, UK. Estuaries 24, 745-755. 

High-turbidity samples can clog filters reducing the effective pore size. To avoid this, glass fibre pre-filters should be used and clogged filters changed regularly. 

It is essential that the filter is not a cause of contamination and, if applicable, filters should carefully be washed before use. If possible a portion of sample should be flushed through the filter before sample collection. In general, samples for most organic determinands should NOT be filtered highly turbid samples and all samples collected for dissolved metals SHOULD be filtered. 

Silt density index measures suspended solids, particularly colloids, such as alumina- or iron silicates, clay, iron corrosion products, and microbes, that have a great potential for fouling RO membranes (see Chapter 3.8 for more details about SDI). The SDI should be as low as possible to minimize fouling of the membranes, but must be less than 5 to meet warranty requirements set by the membrane manufacturers (best practices call for SDI in RO feed water to be less than 3). Note that there is no direct correlation of turbidity to SDI, other than high turbidity usually means high SDI (the converse is not always true). 

Fluorescent indicator — A substance that shows definite changes in fluorescence with a change in pH. This kind of indicator is especially useful for the titration of opaque, highly turbid, or deeply colored solutions. A long-wavelength ultraviolet lamp in a dimly lighted room provides the best environment for titrations involving fluorescent indicators [i]. 

Complex coacervation of globular proteins with the strong polycation PDMDAAC appears to be a purely coulombic phenomenon, controlled by ionic strength and protein net charge (via pH). Turbidimetric pH titrations suggest that the process resembles a critical phenomenon since solutions go from optical clarity to high turbidity over a pH interval of 0.3 units or less. 

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