Crucifer

Kreuz, n. cross loins rump. -beeren,/.pi. Kreuzdornbeeren. -bcfruchtung, /. crossfertilization. -bein, n. sacrum, -bestau-bung, /. cross-pollination, -blume, /. milkwort (Polygala), -bliitler, m. (Bot.) crucifer, -dorn, m. buckthorn (Rhamnus). -dom-beeren, /.pi. buckthorn berries, Persian berries. 

Phytoextraction Soils, sediments Metals (Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Zn) Radionuclides (90Sr, 137Cs, 239Pu, 234JJ 238JJ) Sunflowers Indian mustard Rape seed plants Barley, hops Crucifers Serpentine plants Nettles, dandelions... 

Rhizopus-soft rot is a threat in all postharvest situations including storage, marketing, and transport of crops. It causes soft rot of avocados, cassava, crucifers, pulses, yams, and sweet potatoes. This spoilage type is mainly caused by Rhizopus stolonifer and to a lesser extent by R. oryzae, Mucor piriformis, and Gilbertella persicaria (Dijksterhuis and Samson 2006). 

KIDDLE, G.A., BENNETT, R.N., HICK, A.J., WALLSGROVE, R.M., C-S lyase activities in leaves of crucifers and non-crucifers, and the characterzation of three classes of C-S lyase activities from oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.), Plant, Cell and Environment, 1999, 22, 433-445. 

Blank RR, Young JA (2002) Influence of the exotic invasive crucifer, Lepidium latifolium, on soil properties and elemental cycling. Soil Sci 167 821-829 Bolan NS (1991) A critical review on the role of mycorrhizal fungi in the uptake of phosphorus by plants. Plant Soil 134 189-207. doi http //dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00012037 Bullock JM, Pywell RF, Burke MJW, Walker KJ (2001) Restoration of biodiversity enhances agricultural production. Ecol Lett 4 185-189... 

Horiuchi S, Hori M (1983) Control of clubroot disease of crucifers, with reference to the soil solarization technique. JARQ 17 1-5... 

Vandermeer J (1989) The ecology of intercropping. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p 237 Vaughn SF, Boydston RA (1997) Volatile allelochemicals released by crucifer green manures. JChem Ecol 23 2107-2116... 

Pedras MSC Adio AM (2008) Phytoalexins and phytoanticipins from the wild crucifers Thellungiella halophila and Arabidopsis thaliana rapalexin A, wasalexins and camalexin. Phytochemistry 69 889-893... 

Pedras MSC Okinyo DPO (2008) Remarkable incorporation of the first sulfur containing indole derivative another piece in the puzzle of crucifer phytoalexins. Org Biomol Chem 6 51-54... 

Pedras MSC, Okinyo-Owiti DP, Thoms K, Adio AM (2009) The biosynthetic pathway of crucifer phytoalexins and phytoantidpins de novo incorporation of deuterated tryptophans and quasi-natural compounds. Phytochemistry 70 1129-1138... 

The secretions of toad tadpoles affect the behavior of predators. Largemouth bass, Micropterus salmonides, even when starved for 1 day, almost totally reject tadpoles of Bufo americanus (Fig. 10.6) and Bufo woodhousei. However, the himgrier they become, the more tadpoles they will eat. With increasing experience with these tadpoles, the bass take fewer into their mouths and spit more out. In choice experiments, they prefer tadpoles of the spring peeper, Hyla crucifer, to those of Bufo spp. (Kruse and Stone, 1984). 

Fish discriminate between palatable and toxic prey. For instance, largemouth bass, Micropterus salmonides, reject the toxic tadpoles of the toad Bufo americanus but eat those of the spring peeper, Hyla crucifer [Kruse and Stone, 1984). 

Six male specific compounds were isolated from the crucifer flea beetle, Phyllotreta cruciferae, and the same compounds plus two additional compounds were isolated from males of Aphthona flava, A. czwalinae, and A. cyparissiae. Three of the compounds were identified as (-F)-i r-himachalene, (-F)- ra w-a-himachalene (-F)-y-cadinene. Two other compounds were identified as new enantiomers of himachalene hydrocarbons that were previously identified from the fir trees, Abies alba and Abies nordmanniana. Finally, there were two himachalene alcohols and one nonsesquiterpene ketone that is a himachalene analog that were identified. The chemical and electrophysiological patterns are consistent with, but do not prove, a pheromonal function. 

Jacobson DJ et al. Persistent, systemic, asymptomatic infections oJAlbugo Candida, an oomycete parasite, detected in three wild crucifer species. Can J Bot 76 739-750, 1998. 

Cruciferous species, in which the glucosinolates are biologically active compounds (44), have been studied in both of the latter categories. In Australia, allelopathy has been associated with introduced crucifers such as Brassica tournefortii Gouan (wild turnip) and a more complete study has been made of Camelina sativa (L.) Grants (false flax). 

The water-soluble extracts of wild mustard and broccoli plants were species specific, as shown by the results obtained by other authors (22, 31, 32). The greater insensitivity of crucifers is apparently related to the presence of specific myrosinases which are capable of transforming the breakdown products of the glucosinolates (33). 

Effects of extracts with dry material and with fresh material were not correlated. This may be because drying plant material causes hydrolysis of glucosinolates to isothiocyanates, while autolysis of fresh crucifers yields predominantly nitriles (28). 

Field studies do not demonstrate conclusive allelopathic inhibition of weeds by wild mustard or broccoli, but there are some indications of allelopathic interference. First, the main weeds in the first weeding were crucifers in all treatments, but not in the following weedings. They were stimulated to germinate only at that time. Second, broccoli production was affected by B. campestris yields were increased during the summer. Earlier planting of mustard in the fall inhibited broccoli yields, but had no effect when mustard was planted at the same time broccoli was transplanted. In addition, stimulatory effects of crucifers on other crucifers or other crops has been observed before (10, 16, 41). 

The Pieris-crucifer interaction therefore seems to involve the same biochemical parameters as the P ssiflora-Heliconius interaction, and it is proposed that the evolution of host plant specificity has proceeded in an analogous fashion in both systems. 

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