Cross-bred

The biochemistry and taxonomy of cereals is relevant to their potential differential toxicity. The proteins in the cereal grains known as "gluten activate celiac disease. Gluten is a complex mixture of hundreds of related but distinct proteins. The grains considered capable of producing adverse effects in individuals with celiac disease include different species of wheat (e.g., durum, spelt, kamut), barley, rye, and their cross-bred hybrids (e.g., triticale, which is a cross between wheat and rye) (Ciclitira et ah, 2005 Cornell et ah, 2002 Dewar et ah, 2006 Howdle, 2006 Koning, 2008 Lester, 2008 Moron et ah, 2008 Thompson, 2000, 2001 Troncone et al., 2008a Vader et ah, 2003 Wieser and Koehler, 2008). 

Rhode Island Red. This popular breed has been used to produce many cross-bred varieties available today. It is a good producer of large brown eggs and is quiet and easy to handle. Both males and females have dark red plumage. At the end of lay the hens weigh approximately 2.5 kg. 

However, the taking of a single sleeping tablet by the mother could easily have been forgotten in this case. Nevertheless, in one study in rabbits the effect on the offspring of the administration of thahdomide to the male parent was studied (154). It was concluded that in rabbits of a cross-bred colony of high fertility there was a deleterious effect on the progeny ascribable to paternal treatment with thalidomide. 

The adventitious root cultures of Datura innoxia, Duboisia hybrid M-II-8-14 (a cross-bred between D. myoporoides and D. leichhardtii), and Scopolia tangutica were established from the axenic shoot cultures or intact plants (in the case of Duboisia) on MS solid medium containing 0.1 mg/1 NAA or 1.0 mg/1 lAA. The adventitious roots were maintained in MS liquid medium containing the same phytohormones (0.1 mg/1 NAA or 0.5 mg/1 lAA) in the dark. Addition of auxin in the culture medium has been employed for the maintenance of adventitious root cultures [14], however, the adventitious roots of H. albus and H. niger were induced and maintained in hormone-free 1/2 MS medium [15]. 

Certain yams such as those from cross-bred wools are wet set before scouring to prevent cockling occuring in the pieces. Setting of yam is carried out by stretching the hanks in a suitable frame and the stretched hanks are immersed in boiling water for 30 min. The hanks are allowed to cool under tension before removing from the frame. 

Fine cross-bred wools are medium cross-bred wools are low cross-bred wools are... 

Bahmani, M.K., Nowrouzian, I., Nakaya, T., Nakamura, Y., Hagiwara, K., Takahashi, H., Rad, M.A., and Ikuta, K. 1996. Varied prevalence of Boma disease virus infection in Arabic, thoroughbred and their cross-bred horses in Iran. Virus Res. 45, 1-13. 

In pigs, on the other hand, high planes of nutrition do not advance puberty to any marked extent. The primary determinants of puberty in gilts are age (170 220 days), breed (cross-bred gilts reach puberty about 20 days before pure-breds) and the age at which gilt meets boar (a sudden meeting after about 165 days of age may induce first oestrus). 

Replacement rates in suckler herds are typically 15% to 18%, with barrenness and late calving as the main reasons for culling. On lowland and upland farms it is best to calve British breeds at 24 months and continental crosses at 30 months, as they are later maturing. Key production targets are weight and condition score at mating and calving (Table 3.10) for dairy-bred replacements. 

Paul We have taken a different tack in that we bred the overexpressor onto the knockout background. We crossed it back to make an FVB/n knockout. There don t seem to be many major differences there. There is a shift in the absolute ED5( S but there is still a suppression in the knockout. 

Hybrid crosses were bred from a highly sensitive strain SWR/J mice and AKR/J mice highly resistant to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine carcinogenesis. 1,2-Dimethylhydrazine was injected subcutaneously at a dose of 20 mg/kg bw weekly with a total of 10 injections. Mice were killed 27 weeks after the first injection of 1,2-dimethylhydrazine. The colon tumour incidence in the hybrids and backcrosses is given in Table 15. The interpretation of results by the authors was that susceptibility to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced tumorigenesis is not inherited as a dominant trait and that the kinetic properties of the epithelial cells are not linked to 1,2-dimethylhydrazine susceptibility (Deschner et al, 1988). 

The purple membrane is harvested semiindustrially from halobacteria mutants which are bred in fermenters. The BR is then embedded into a polymeric matrix of poly(vinyl alcohol) or polyacrylamide. The BR films manufactured in this way are used for different applications, preferably in holography, for example, as a reversible transient data storage system for optical information processing (159). Another example is real-time interferometry by using the property of BR films to integrate over time (160). BR has been proposed also as a two-photon memory material because of its unusually large two-photon cross section. 

Lavandin is produced by a hybrid plant Lavandula intermedia or Lavandula hybrida, which was bred by crossing the true lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) with spike lavender (Lavandula latifolia). Lavandin is sometimes called bastard lavender. Hybrids are widespread in horticulture, where they are bred to produce plants with the desired properties of the parents. The lavandin plants are easier to grow at lower altitudes (400-600 metres), yielding almost twice as much oil as the true lavender plant. Again, this is economically favourable and lavandin essential oil is particularly useful for the cosmetic and fragrance industries. 

Ecological concern exists about transmission of pollen from some types of plant, such as the Brassicas and tree crops, either into weedy relatives or into crops grown at some distance. This problem is not limited to transgenic plants. Canola, a rape-seed cultivar bred to produce low glucosinolates and low erucic acid, must be planted in isolation from industrial rapeseed, as each crop will result in seed with altered composition from the ideal that is, excessive erucic acid in the canola and less erucic acid in the industrial rapeseed. Because the products of industrial crops are not intended for consumption, and may even be noxious, risk management and containment, including the prevention of intercrop cross-pollination, is... 

In spite of these hopeful pronouncements and intentions, if one examines carefully many of the agricultural innovations of the twentieth century—innovations that seemed purely technical and hence neutral —one cannot but conclude that many of them created commercial and political monopolies that inevitably diminished the autonomy of the farmer. The revolution in hybrid seeds, particularly corn, had this effect. Since hybrids are either sterile or do not breed "true, the seed company that has bred the parents of the hybrid-cross has valuable property in hybrid seed, which it can sell every year, unlike the open-pollinated varieties which the farmer can select himself. ... 

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