Real-time interferometry

The purple membrane is harvested semiindustrially from halobacteria mutants which are bred in fermenters. The BR is then embedded into a polymeric matrix of poly(vinyl alcohol) or polyacrylamide. The BR films manufactured in this way are used for different applications, preferably in holography, for example, as a reversible transient data storage system for optical information processing (159). Another example is real-time interferometry by using the property of BR films to integrate over time (160). BR has been proposed also as a two-photon memory material because of its unusually large two-photon cross section. 

With a Vis-interferometer testing becomes very sensitive so that vibrations and local seeing influence the fringe pattern. Then, the testing equipment can be decoupled from vibrations up to 1 kHz by the use of real-time interferometry with the DIRECT 100 system and a 3D stabilisation. Now interferometric tests are possible at any time with a resolution of 1 nm or even better. 

Hard, M., Krupka, I., Poliscuk, R., and Liska, M., An Automatic System for Real-Time Evaluation of EHD Film Thickness and Shape Based on the Colorimetric Interferometry," STLE Trihol. Trans., Vol. 42, No. 2,1999, pp. 303-309. 

K. Onuma.T. Kameyama, and K. Tsukamoto, In situ study of surface phenomena by real time phase shift interferometry,/. Crystal Growth, 137,1994, 610-22... 

A critical and most important problem that still remained to be solved was to find an adequate analytical methcxl that would enable us to follow in real time the kinetics of such ultra-fast polymerizations. Different techniques have already been used to study the laser-induced curing of acrylic monomers (DSC, IR spectroscopy, interferometry,...) but none of them provide conversion versus exposure time curves for polymerization that occur in a fraction of a second. The results obtained by some of these techniques are now briefly reported for comparison with those obtained by using real-time infra-red (RTIR) spectroscopy, a powerful method newly developed in our laboratory to investigate the kinetics of ultrafast photopolymerizations (0. 

FIGURE 5 (a) For real-time holographic interferometry, a hologram of the object is recorded, (b) Then the stressed object is viewed through the developed hologram. 

Mares JW, Weiss SM (2011) Diffusion dynamics of small molecules from mesoporous silicon films by real-time optical interferometry. Appl Opt 50(27) 5329-5337 Naumov S, Khokhlov A, Valiullin R, Karger J, Monson PA (2008a) Understanding capillary condensation and hysteresis in porous silicon network effects within independent pores. Phys Rev E 78(6) 060601-060604... 

Surface profilometry along with sputter rate/yield equations can be thought of as ex-situ methods as these are not routinely applied during depth profiling. The term not routinely is used as there have been attempts to implement surface profilometry, in the form of interferometry within SIMS instruments for providing real time data. Although this has met with some success, design constraints and limitations to specific matrices have not resulted in its wide spread use. Ex-situ methods are discussed further in Section 5.4.1.1. 

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