Crimes Act

Crime Act that constitutes the violation of a law or criminal statute. 

There has been much debate in receirt years about the extent to which the criminal law adequately controls the misuse of computers and about the need for reform. Some see the computer as such a wholly different entity that it should be regulated by a completely separate set of laws, and argue that there should be a special Computer Crimes Act. This has happened in the United States of America, following the model of Florida s Computer Crimes Act 1978. This is probably not the best approach, however. Firstly,... 

Hopkins, A. (1995), Due Diligence and Safety Management Systems, Presentation to the Prosecution Developments - Directors and Officers OHS Liability and the Use of Crimes Act/Manslaughter in the Industrial Context Seminar, Melbourne Centre for Employment and Labour Relations Law. 

Forensic Serology. Blood, often associated with crimes of violence, is powerfiil physical evidence. Its presence suggests association with the criminal act and blood can be used to associate suspects and locations with the bleeder. Blood is a complex mixture of cellular material, proteins, and enzymes and several tests are available for suspected bloody evidence. A typical test protocol involves (/) determining whether blood is present, (2) determining if it is human blood, (J) typing the blood, and (4) when appHcable, performing DNA typing. 

While a number of different classes of insurance cover relate to crime risks, the principal one which is sought by most businesses is known as theft or burglary insurance. The terms theft and burglary are defined in the Theft Act 1968, but while insurers use theft , the cover provided by this insurance is much narrower than the legal definition of that term in that it applies only in specified circumstances. 

The principal aims of security should be to forestall both organized and opportunist crime by cost-effective measures. While there is considerable variety in the type of criminal attack and skills involved, fortunately there is a tendency for them to act in a similar way, and this enables a common philosophy to be applied when determining countermeasures. 

Public nuisance Public nuisance is the interference with the lawful activities of Her Majesty s subjects or a substantial section of them. One person cannot suffer a public nuisance. Public nuisance is a crime and is actionable by the Attorney General or (under Section 2.2.2 of the Local Government Act 1972) by the local authority. There is no prescriptive right to commit a public nuisance. 

The scientific literature on PCP use and crime is sparse and consists mainly of case studies of persons who have committed violent, often bizarre acts after ingesting the drug (Siegel 1978 Siegel 1980 Fauman and Fauman 1982). Death from drowning, often in small amounts of water, has been a frequent cause of PCP -related death in California, and the media s emphasis on such extreme events has helped to increase the drug s notoriety. 

The potential link between PCP use and violent crime is reflected in the legal debate regarding the defense of diminished capacity for crimes committed by persons intoxicated with PCP (Baxley 1980). It is argued that persons who have committed violent crimes under the influence of PCP are not legally responsible for their acts because they have an inability to have criminal intent. One reviewer concluded ... 

The percentage of all PCP users who become intoxicated and commit violent acts is unknown. As the statement above implies, however, one would suspect that only a small minority of disturbed users reach such a stage, In a recent review of the literature concerning PCP use and crime, the authors concluded that ... 

The British had two major conflicts with the Chinese over opium, in fact, they were called the Opium Wars in 1839 and 1856. These wars would force the Chinese to import opium to help control the population. The fact that opium, cocaine and their synthetic derivatives are illegal has only increased their value. In the same way that the Prohibition Act of the 1930 s allowed organized crime to get a great tax free start, the drug dealers of today have enormous sums of wealth to legitimately buy into any kind of business or government in the world. 

In asking the court to toss out the defense petition, we went back to first-year law school. What is a crime If I climb up to my neighbor s window intending to kill him, then shoot by mistake into an empty bed, I am only half a criminal. I had a murderous state-of-mind. There was no act of killing. 

Threats of Concern Terrorist acts can be the most problematic to defend against since they may be more extreme or malevolent than other crimes focused on monetary gains or outcomes with less malicious intent. Plus terrorists may use military tactics not often provided for in base chemical facility design. Chemical facility security must be considered in context with local and national homeland security and law enforcement activities, as well as with emergency response capabilities. There is a practical limit to the ability of a chemical site to prevent or mitigate a terrorist act. Above a certain level of threat, the facility needs to rely on law enforcement and military services to provide physical security against extreme acts of intentional harm. The security posture must be risk-based, and so extremely robust security measures are not always applicable or necessary. 

Wherever we look, we find the U.S. as the leader of terrorism and crime in the world. The U.S. does not consider it a terrorist act to throw atomic bombs at nations thousands of miles away [Japan during World War II], when those bombs would hit more than just military targets. Those bombs rather were thrown at entire nations, including women, children, and elderly people. (Bergen 2002, 21-22)... 

A striking phenomenon which probably involves biochemical individuality is that of pathological intoxication. Occasionally an individual, who may be a habitual drinker or not, is afflicted. In a typical case the individual goes berserk and may commit all sorts of crimes and cause damage to property. After a subsequent long sleep he has no memory of his acts.9 This very special type of drunkenness is not caused by any special type of alcohol or necessarily by large amounts it fortunately happens only rarely, and involves only a few individuals. Whether certain individuals are peculiarly susceptible and have repeated typical attacks (these would be classed, no doubt, as alcoholic psychotics) is not clear in any event only certain rare individuals ever are in such a condition as to be susceptible. 

Tamper-resistant packaging required after the deaths from cyanide placed in Tylenol, and the Federal Anti-Tampering Act makes it a crime to tamper with packaged consumer products. 

Fines Enhancement Laws of 1984 and 1987 increase penalties for all federal crimes, with double fines for corporations. The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act expedites the availability of less-costly generic drugs by permitting FDA to approve generics without repeating the safety and effectiveness research. 

Without impartial controls, investigators even when acting in good faith, too often and too quickly (self-serving) find probable cause, because of the competitive enterprise and predisposition of investigating crime. Therefore, it is the neutral and detached magistrate who narrowly defines the permissible scope of a search before it occurs [16]. 

Most importantly, censorship on the Internet violates one of the principles upon which this country was founded freedom of speech. It is true that some sites present lewd or hateful images and ideas, but this kind of hate speech can be found anywhere, in all kinds of publications and all kinds of media. The Internet Just makes it easier for people to find this information. If someone really wants to commit an act of violence, a website isn t what going to push him or her into committing a hate crime. 

In 1938 Congress extended the national firearm regulation system by passing the Federal Firearms Act. This law required that all manufacturers, importers, and dealers in firearms be licensed. It forbade delivery of a gun to a person who had been convicted of (or was under indictment for) a crime or who did not meet local licensing laws. 

Another big victory for gun control advocates came in 1994 with the passage of the Violent Crime Control Act, which banned the manufacture, sale, and import of a large variety of semiautomatic weapons such as the Uzi, Tec-9, and similar copycat weapons. The list of banned weapons was later expanded, but weapons manufactured or imported before the ban... 

Under federal law, silencers are treated in the same category as automatic weapons. Armor-piercing ammunition (popularly called cop-killer bullets) were banned in 1986, with an expanded definition of banned bullets in the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 that includes bullets made of tungsten, beryllium, depleted uranium, and other exotic materials. Other accessories can also cause a weapon to be banned (see Assault Weapons above). 

The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1994 made further changes to the system. License holders are now photographed and fingerprinted and are required to comply with applicable state and local laws. Dealers must report any thefts of weapons within 48 hours and must immediately respond to the federal Bureau of Alcohol, Ttibacco, and Firearms requests for firearm traces. 

A number of laws regulate the importing of firearms. The Mutual Security Act of 1954 (P.L. No. 83-665) led to the establishment of import controls under the Office of Munitions Control of the Department of State. The Omnibus Crime Control and Safe Streets Act of 1968 (P.L. No. 90-351) together with the Gun Control Act of 1968 banned the import of Saturday night specials and restricted imports of automatic weapons. Further restrictions on semiautomatic assault weapons were added by the Omnibus Violent Crime Control and Prevention Act of 1994 (P.L. No. 103-322). 

The Gun-Free Schools Zones Act (part of the Crime Control Act of 1990) made it illegal for anyone (other than a police officer or security guard) to have a firearm in a school zone, or to carry unloaded firearms (unless in a locked container) within 1,000 feet of school grounds. The Supreme Court overmrned this law in 1995 in U.S. v. Lopez (see Representative Court Cases). 

Gun Control Act of 1968 U.S. v. Warin Gun Free School Zones Act U.S. v. Lopez Omnibus Violent Crime Control and Prevention Act of 1994 U.S. V. Fmerson... 

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