School zones

Although the federal Gun-Free School Zones Act (which bans gun possession in and near schools) was overturned by the Supreme Court, there are plenty of laws and policies that forbid students or others from bringing guns onto school property. John Lott suggests that the characterization of gun violence in schools is rather misleading ... 

The Gun-Free Schools Zones Act (part of the Crime Control Act of 1990) made it illegal for anyone (other than a police officer or security guard) to have a firearm in a school zone, or to carry unloaded firearms (unless in a locked container) within 1,000 feet of school grounds. The Supreme Court overmrned this law in 1995 in U.S. v. Lopez (see Representative Court Cases). 

Gun Control Act of 1968 U.S. v. Warin Gun Free School Zones Act U.S. v. Lopez Omnibus Violent Crime Control and Prevention Act of 1994 U.S. V. Fmerson... 

In 1990 Congress passed the Gun-Free School Zones Act, which forbids any individual knowingly to possess a firearm at a place that [he] knows. .. is a school zone. The defendant, a 12th grade student, was convicted of violating this law by carrying a concealed handgun into his school. 

The Court noted Even Wickard, which is perhaps the most far reaching example of Commerce Clause authority over intrastate activity, involved economic activity in a way that the possession of a gun in a school zone does not. The Court also concluded that the law was not a necessary part of a legitimate scheme to regulate commerce. Further, Congress had not established a reasonable relationship between this legislation and commerce, and the law had no mechanism for determining whether a particular case of gun possession had the necessary nexus or connection with interstate commerce. For all of these reasons the Supreme Court overturned the... 

Gun-Free School Zones Act as not being a proper exercise of congressional power. 

Gun Decision Puts a Check on Federal Authority. Congressional Quarterly Weekly Report, vol. 53, April 29, 1995, pp. 119ff. Gives excerpts from the U.S. V. Lopez decision, in which the Supreme Court rules that the Gun Free School Zones Act was an impermissible use of the power of Congress to regulate interstate commerce. 

Safra, Seth J. The Amended Gun-Free School Zones Act Doubt as to Its Constitutionality Remains. Duke Law Journal, vol. 50, November 2000, p. 637. Following the Supreme Court s Lopez decision Congress amended the Gun-Free School Zones Act to make it refer only to guns that were connected to interstate commerce. The author suggests that this connection may still be too tenuous to pass constitutional muster. The alternate... 

The categories of roadway ITS that will be discussed in this chapter are automatic incident detection (AID), ITS for improving traffic flow, ITS for improving air quality, weather-related ITS, location-based ITS (such as school zones), green wave ITS, dynamic lane management, ramp metering, dynamic traffic information and ITS for enforcement purposes. 

Location-based ITS include VMS that are used at specific locations requiring specific behaviour, for example, to ensure safety. Example locations are near road works, at sharp curves and within school zones. In the case of road works, a driver is normally warned that road works are present and that the speed limit is reduced. Examples of work zone ITS include signs warning drivers either not to pass or providing instructions such as merge right . Some examples are shown in Figure 8.7. 

Eigure 3 shows the winter and summer comfort zones plotted on the coordinates of the ASHRAE psychrometric chart. These zones should provide acceptable conditions for room occupants wearing typical indoor clothing who are at or near sedentary activity. Eigure 3 appHes generally to altitudes from sea level to 2150 m and to the common case for indoor thermal environments where the temperature of the surfaces (/) approximately equals air temperature (/ and the air velocity is less than 0.25 m/s. A wide range of environmental appHcations is covered by ASHRAE Comfort Standard 55 (5). Offices, homes, schools, shops, theaters, and many other appHcations are covered by this specification. 

Accepts information on the characteristics of populations located in areas that could be in the vulnerable zone Location of special populations (e.g., elderly-handicapped prisons and schools) and population density. 

The population, in teniis of nmnbers, density, and types of individuals (e.g., facility employees neighborhood residents people in hospitals, schools, nursing homes, prisons, day care centers) Uiat could be witliin a vulnerable zone tlie private and public property (e.g., critical facilities, homes, schools, hospitals, businesses, offices) that may be damaged, including essential support... 

In actual fact, both approaches have considerable merit, and it would appear that the two schools are describing the actual physical mechanism from two different points of view. Certainly, a steady-state condition exists in which the rate of heat generation does not exceed the rate of heat loss from the combustion zone. There are also purely dynamic conditions related to the creation of the same imbalance between heat generation and heat loss. These purely static and purely dynamic conditions can be considered as the end points for a whole range of combined static (i.e., minimum-pressure) and dynamic (depressurization) conditions by which termination can be achieved. L -termination is probably one of these intermediate conditions. 

Centre for Arid Zone Studies and School of Biological Science, University College of North Wales, Bangor, Gwynedd, Wales LL57 2UW. 

Lead levels ranging between 10 and 30 pg/L can be found in drinking water from households, schools, and office buildings as a result of plumbing corrosion and subsequent leaching of lead. The combination of corrosive water and lead pipes or lead-soldered joints in either the distribution system or individual houses can create localized zones of high lead concentrations that exceed 500 pg/L (EPA 1989f). 

The methods described above were tested at two sites in Hawaii The Nuuanu reservoir on Oahu, which is above downtown Honolulu, and the Waikoloa Dam on Hawaii Island, which is above the town of Waimea. In both cases the analyses were performed with and without topographic data obtained by a field survey crew. Detailed results from the ca e studies and results of a sensitivity analysis are reported elsewhere. The flood inundation maps produced for Waimea and Honolulu were overlaid onto several GIS infrastructure layers. These layers included major roads, secondary roads, schools, nursing homes, hospitals, police stations, fire stations, civil defense headquarters, chemical plants, electric plants and transmission lines, water plants, and wells (which could be contaminated by floodwaters). Critical facilities in the flood zone were identified and listed along with their mailing addresses and phone numbers of contact personnel. 

Commentary To solve this problem, the mass spectrometrist needed to work outside of his graduate school specialty (his comfort zone ). This required him to call upon other resources, like the polymer chemist. The vital importance of communication (between the analyst, the technical director, the PI and DA plant engineers, and the polymer chemist) was essential to defining the problem, and ultimately solving it. 

Evaporation ponds are often viewed negatively, particularly due to potential salinisation of local land, unpleasant odours and aesthetic problems (Christen et al. 1999). The siting and design of an evaporation pond must then take these factors into account. The planting of trees around the perimeter of a disposal basin has been suggested as a way to increase social acceptance. The pond site should also include a bulfer zone to position the pond an appropriate distance away from residential and commercial areas, schools, hospitals and other public areas (Jolly et al. 2000 Christen et al. 1999). 

A person makes many transitions on his or her journey through life. For example, from school to employment, from single to married, to parenthood, and from one job to another. All transitions have a common element. They require you to adjust to change as you move from one comfort zone to another. 

But what is not nearly as well known is the fact that it was the Allied liberators of Germany who staged the greatest campaign of book destruction that mankind had ever seen. Among the victims of Allied displeasure were 34,645 titles as well as, comprehensively, all school textbooks published between 1933 and 1945 not only were these no longer permitted to be printed and sold after the war - they also had to vanish from the archives of many libraries.3 In the years from 1946 to 1952, the Soviet Occupation Power published four such lists ( Liste der auszusondemden Literatur , or list of proscribed literature) of titles earmarked for destruction. In accordance with the instructions in the censors introduction to the second and third volumes, the first three of these lists also went into force in the western Occupation Zones. 

Reduction of risk posed by some hazards (e.g., relocating a chemical depot farther away from a school to reduce the risk that children would be exposed to hazardous materials enforcing strict building regulations in an earthquake-prone zone). 

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