Credible states

In an impressed-current cathodic protection system the power source has a substantial capacity to deliver current and it is possible to change the state of polarisation of the structure by altering that current. Thus effective control of the system depends on credible potential measurements. Since the current output from any given anode is substantial, the possibility of an IR error which may reach many hundreds of millivolts in any potential measurements made is high. Thus the instant-off technique (or some other means of avoiding IR error) is essential to effective system management. 

Semantic uncertainty is the type of uncertainty for which we shall need fuzzy logic. Expressed by phrases such as "acidic" or "much weaker," this is imprecision in the description of an event, state, or object rather than its measurement. Fuzzy logic offers a way to make credible deductions from uncertain statements. We shall illustrate this with a simple example. 

The credibility of the commitment to maintain and even improve the public funding of medicines in the short and long term renders it necessary to take measures aimed at reducing the imperfection and inequality of users /voters information about the fact that not all pharmaceuticals are equally effective or necessary, and that there is no worse enemy for the public provision of pharmaceuticals (and indeed one s state of health) than the illusion that it is possible to indiscriminately continue to provide any drug to anyone regardless of its effectiveness and cost. 

Q. Did you know that the Circuit Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit, in its decision of 22 September 1947, stated "On the witness stand, Howard, testifying on the Hague conferences, was in the opinion of this court not a credible witness." Did you know that ... 

Although not yet a mature science, the development of a practical biomedical sampling capability is underway. At present, the OPCW does not have such a capability, and the capability in Member States in this field is also still very limited. Despite a number of practical and technical challenges, biomedical sample analysis has the potential however to be an extremely sensitive and specific method of establishing credible forensic information on the alleged use of chemical agents. 

Inherently safe maintenance of a system in a non-hazardous state after the occurrence of any credible worst case deviations from normal operating conditions. 

In some cases, a hazard may turn out to be more severe or more widespread than previously stated. When this occurs, information sources whose previous statements are proven wrong may lose their credibility. 

In 1948, three small oil fields produced 876,000 barrels per year, and in 1956, with the discovery of oil in Xinjiang, China s oil production rose to 22 million b/year. China was a net importer of oil until 1963. Her Chemical Industry did not really really take off until 1973, when oil from the fields in North China started to flow. China s Chemical Industry is still in the embryonic states. Given the present production level of 2.3 million barrels/day, China has finally entered the petrochemical era. She has developed a credible, if still thin, infrastructure, research backup, and downstream integration for its petrochemical industry. 

In the RPTB, the threat management process is considered in three successive stages possible, credible, and confirmed. Thus, as the threat escalates through these three states, the actions that might be considered due diligence expand accord-... 

Bridging organizations In presentations on the functioning of the academies made by Dr. Riesa and Prof. Lu, the National Academies of both the United States and China, were offered as good examples of institutions that link scientists and decision makers. Features that help the Academies maintain credibility and authority include its independence, objectivity, and relevance to decision making. 

It also appears that traditional forms of food processing may not be as safe as expected. The example of the formation of acrylamide in different heat-processed foods may be cited (see Chapter 13 of this volume). However, there are no incontrovertible answers to the questions is acrylamide in food harmful for consumers , and what is the average intake The American Council on Science and Health states that there is no credible evidence that acrylamide in foods poses human cancer risk. New Zealand food safety experts, using a no observable adverse effect level for acrylamide of 0.1 mg per kg bodyweight, also estimate that people eating fried potatos and crisps (products suspected to contain the largest amounts of acrylamide) are a very low risk of cancer from this source. European Union experts decided that the risk of exposure to polyacrylamide in food remains undetermined (Sharp, 2003). 

The methods discussed above have been widely used to assess the effect of either continuous or intermittent nicotine on nAChR functions and brain biochemistry (Matta et al. 2007). For models of nicotine withdrawal, see the chapter by Malin in this volume. Given the intrinsic advantages and limitations of each approach, the non-contingent nature of most administration regimes and the absence of associated cues, it is important that these paradigms are not assumed to model tobacco addiction per se. Sometimes, the experiments are conducted in concert with behavioural measures (e.g. precipitation of withdrawal with somatic signs), which give more credibility to the assertion that a state of nicotine dependence has been achieved (Kenny and Markou 2005). 

Results. Figure 8.2 gives steady-state profiles of O2 and CH4 and the corresponding reaction rates calculated with the model for the fixed root system defined in Assumption 9. Net O2 consumption is 460 tLmolm h net CH4 emission is 480tLmolm h the fractions of the O2 and CH4 fluxes through the plant are 0.84 and 0.97, respectively, and the fraction of CH4 oxidized prior to emission is 0.13. These are all credible numbers. 

Probable cause is integral to Warrant Clause. It is required to keep the state out of constitutionaUy protected areas. Probable cause is the standard which must be met in order for there to be a valid search and seizure or arrest. It includes the showing of facts and circumstances reasonably sufficient and credible to permit the police to obtain a warrant within the officer s personal knowledge. This is an objective standard [29]. As a guiding principal, the doctrine has evolved with police... 

In humans methylene chloride exposure has been associated with a wide variety of cancers in a number of cohort and case control studies pancreatic, prostate, lung, liver, cervical, breast, and astrocytic brain tumors have been reported. Limitations in these studies include small sample size, incomplete exposure information, and concomitant exposure to other carcinogenic substances. The lARC has stated that there is not a sufficiently consistent elevation of risk across studies to make a causal interpretation credible. In a recent study of 1473 workers, followed for nearly 50 years, methylene chloride exposure level was not related to mortality due to all causes, malignant neoplasms, or lung and pancreatic cancers. ... 

In other words, some uncertainty in the data should not be used as an excuse for inaction. This approach is being given more consideration in Europe than in the United States. The approach gains credibility when one considers how its application years ago would have prevented the tragic effects of lead in gasoline and paint. 

Procurement cooperatives increases efficiency. Regional and sub-regional procurement schemes can become a credible option for ensuring medicines supplies. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) and the Organization of Eastern Caribbean States Procurement Services (OECS/PPS) successfully organize pooled procurement for six and eight countries respectively. 

All the data we will report here confirm the potential of the material as a broad-range extraction medium. In order to build interest, however, we will have to provide engineers with more infonnation than our anecdotal studies can provide. The cited studies lend credibility to our hypothesis. As stated, only large field trials will ultimately confirm our hypothesis, but current studies provide sufficient reasons for optimism. 

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