Validity searches

Probable cause is integral to Warrant Clause. It is required to keep the state out of constitutionaUy protected areas. Probable cause is the standard which must be met in order for there to be a valid search and seizure or arrest. It includes the showing of facts and circumstances reasonably sufficient and credible to permit the police to obtain a warrant within the officer s personal knowledge. This is an objective standard [29]. As a guiding principal, the doctrine has evolved with police... 

Given a set of molecules known to be inside PGVL as query molecules, what is the success rate for returning the expected molecules identical to the query molecules (100% similarity threshold) This is by definition a baseline test that a validated search strategy must pass. 

A search is completed when the goal is attained. For example, when several excellent references, proving the invalidity of a patent, have been found in a validity search, the search is complete. Patent attorneys are reluctant to base a contest of patent validity on a single reference, as the Patent OflBce may disagree with them. However, beyond a certain point the piling up of evidence adds mere quantity, without altering the result. 

Sometimes infringement and validity searches, being closely related, are combined. In such cases the searcher simply rolls back the 17-year time period of the validity search, recording all references, including expired patents, that he can find on the subject, regardless of dates. 

Validity searches are made to gage the strength of a patent offered for sale or a patent which is blocking activity in a field of interest to the organization. Most exhaustive of all searches are those validity searches called for when court action has been taken in a case of claimed patent infringement. Here, as in the other cases, success may depend on the close cooperation of the two libraries with the patent department and millions of dollars may hinge on one reference in an obscure journal, or an old foreign patent. 

MEDLINE and PubMed, both produced by the National Library of Medicine (NLM), are the largest and best known bibliographic databases of biomedical journal literature. PubMed s iu-process records provide basic citation information and abstracts before the citations are indexed with NLM s Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) Terms and added to MEDLINE. To optimize the efficiency of a clinical search, PubMed offers specialized searches usiug method-ologic filters. These filters, based on work by Haynes and colleagues, are validated search strategies to identify clinically relevant studies... 

Conduct validated searches to identify studies answering pharmacotherapy questions... 

The energy differences among conforiiiers relative to the ground state are 0.0, 0.85, 1.62, and 3.32 kcal mol . The relative populations of the states, judged by the number of times they were found in a random search or 50 trials, are 0.16, 0.21, 0.15, and 0.08 when degeneracy is taken into account. In the limit of ver y many runs, a Boltzmann distr ibution would lead us to expect a ground state that is much more populous than the output indicates, but this sample is much too small for a statistical law to be valid. 

The most serious problem with ensemble average approaches is that they introduce many more parameters into the calculation, making the parameter-to-observable ratio worse. The effective number of parameters has to be restrained. This can be achieved by using only a few confonners in the ensemble and by determining the optimum number of confonners by cross-validation [83]. A more indirect way of restraining the effective number of parameters is to restrict the conformational space that the molecule can search... 

Actual emission data are available from many handbooks, government publications, and literature searches of appropriate research papers and journals. It is always wise to verify the data, if possible, as to the validity of the source and the reasonableness of the final number. Some emission factors, which have been in use for years, were only rough estimates proposed by someone years ago to establish the order of magnitude of the particular source. 

The marketing information primarily identifies either problems or opportunities. Problems will relate to your existing products and services and should indicate why there has been a decline in sales or an increase in returns. In order to solve these problems a search for possible causes should be conducted and one valid method for doing this is to use the Cause and Effect Diagram. Opportunities will relate to future products and services and should indicate unsatisfied wants. There are three ways of collecting such data by observation, survey, and experiment. 

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