Costs case example

Thermal power plant is more commonly associated with very large central power stations. The capital cost for thermal power plant, in terms of cost per installed kilowatt of electrical generating capacity, rises sharply for outputs of less than some 15 MW. It is for this reason that thermal power plant is not usually considered for industrial applications unless it is the combined cycle or combined heat and power modes. However, for cases where the fuel is of very low cost (for example, a waste product from a process such as wood waste), then the thermal power plant, depending on output, can offer an excellent choice, as its higher initial capital cost can be offset against lower running costs. This section introduces the thermal power cycle for electrical generation only. 

The opposite approach has also been considered to make accuracy paramount, independent of computational cost. For example, these cases typically employ the most accurate methods and complex sampling methods, both of which contribute to the computational complexity of the calculation. Clearly, just because a calculation is computationally demanding does not in itself demonstrate that it will be more accurate. However, elements which contribute to the accuracy of a calculation in terms of more accurate models — e.g., all-atom models, explicit solvation — or enhancing the degree of sampling would clearly be more computationally demanding. 

Adulterants are any material deliberately added to the food material usually to reduce cost. Typical examples are incorporation of cheaper meats into more expensive ones or substituting non-meat proteins for meat. Additives, on the other hand, are added to impart improved flavor and/or texture characteristics to foods. However, either case creates problems for some of the consumers on health, economic and/or religious grounds. Therefore, it became imperative to... 

Case example 2 How Company B reduced the Total Cost of Ownership for caustic soda (Fig. 15.6). 

The seller s perspective It is not easy to find a new owner who can help the chemical company seller achieve the cost reductions and performance improvements needed to improve its competitiveness, and who at the same will be able to achieve satisfactory returns. It is very much a matter of trust and confidence, since successful case examples are rare. Often enough, managers in chemical companies already question the right of their internal service providers to generate profit -the idea of switching to an external provider will be even less appealing to them. 

The major drawback of the renewable energy systems is, at least now, in too high specific energy investment costs. For example, nowadays the paying-back term of the industrial solar panels is compatible with their operation lifetime, and, in some cases even exceeds the latter. That is why the solutions allowing to utilise the renewable energy by the more efficient way are in the great demand. 

Interviews and case examples from industry, bottom line costs, employee liability, program elements, program benefits, and employee feedback. 

Differences in design practices have in the past handicapped developments that could have reduced costs. For example, some difficulties with past design practices are evident in examining application of the ASME Code and Code Case N-47 to pool type LMFRs, such as Super Phenix. The design of Super Phenix resulted in considerably thinner components. This required different buckling rules. Super Phenix design creep effects were negligible... 

The balance between reahsm and applicability evidently depends on the specific apphcation. For specific, very costly equipment with huge downtimecosts (> S10 /day), a detailed simulation may be a cost-effective approach to determine appropriate stock quantities for very expensive spares (> 10 ). We aim at parts with somewhat lower, but still considerable, costs, and high downtime-costs. The example given in section 7 gives a good picture of the type of applications we have in mind. For these cases, the amount of time spent on each decision must be limited. When developing the model we must therefore limit the number of details included. At the same time, we must make sure that the most important characteristics are included. 

Operation of a reactor requires allocation of certain responsibilities, functions and duties. In principle these are the same as for a power reactor. However the design of a small reactor may allow a different allocation, while maintaining the essential requirements of public safety, plant reliability and low cost. For example, the design may reduce the need for prompt local response, and allow operating duties either to be centralized away from the reactor, or dispensed with entirely. The latter case requires confident demonstration of inherent safety. 

Other project management systems include planning for end points of a project with passive versus active solutions to minimize large legacy costs. One example would be to plant trees in strategic locations to reduce HVAC requirements for temperature controlled buildings. Another example specific to D D is to install a series of shallow ponds on a property to slow runoff for monitoring purposes in case a cleaned site has future contamination issues or to slow and/or concentrate the movement of contamination should it occur. 

Substituting ABS on a large scale, PP has become the material of choice for a wide range of interior applications, meeting functional and aesthetic requirements as well as being low cost. Typical examples are pillar trim, seat backs, door cases and door panels. Interior trim components can be produced at various levels of complexity ... 

One manufacturer has found a way to overcome the lead-time problems so as to be able to quickly respond to fashion. Benetton, an Italian apparel manufacturer makes sweaters in bulk, but delays the dyeing process until after initial sales figures are received from the retailers. In other words, colour choices are made after the manufacture. This approach has increased the cost of production by 10 per cent but has resulted in improved forecasts, less surplus stock and due to quick response to customer demand higher sales which has more than compensated for the inCTease in production cost. Major retailers are responding to challenges of lean and agile supply chain (see Chapter 13) as the following case example of Tesco illustrates. 

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