Costs and value

Cost and Value of Plutonium. The cost of building all U.S. nuclear weapons has been estimated as 378 biUion in 1995 dollars (24). If half of this sum is attributed to U.S. weapons-grade plutonium production (- lOOt), the cost is 1.9 x 10 /kg of weapons-grade Pu. Some nuclear weapons materials (Be, enriched U, Pu) also have value as a clandestine or terrorist commodity. The economic value of reactor-grade plutonium as a fuel for electric power-producing reactors has depended in the past on the economic value of pure 235u... 

Steam cost and value of turbine efficiency, so that consideration can be given to stage and valve options... 

Steam cost and value of turbine efficiency. Should it be single-stage or multistage Should it be single-valve or multivalve Is steam an inexpensive process by-product, or is the entire cost of generating the steam chargeable to the driver ... 

DiMasi JA. The value of improving the productivity of the drug development process faster times and better decisions. In The cost and value of new medicines in an era of change. Pharmacoeconomics 2002 20(Suppl 3) 1-10. 

The idea of the new approach is to, first, define only one model that includes all constraints - be it shift models, personnel, batch sizes, maximum perishabilities or soft constraints such as costs and values, characteristic numbers or feasibility and optimum of the plan. The case studies will show that the model follows an intuitive representation of the relevant items. Second, the operator based approach makes the overall solution procedure extensible. If one operator gets stuck in a local optimum another operator may help out and could be added at any time. Third, the whole approach works on understandable objects such that at any time during the solution procedure an easy check can be made what happens. 

Final material cost rates and product value rates are determined based on the indexed material cost and product value rates. Multiple indexed material cost and product value rates occur, if cyclic material flows exist in the value chain. In order to apply index-independent cost and value rates in the model for future inventory planning, the maximum value and cost rates are determined for all products, locations and periods across all value chain steps i. 

A number of different wools are special and sold under dilferent names such as cashmere wool. These wools have their own special characteristics that increase their cost and value. It is interesting that many animals have developed their own special coats to overcome their native environment. Thus, because cashmere goats live in a cold mountain temperature, their wool is an elfective material to protest against the cold. 

Costs and value-add designations can be assigned for each process step. This enables you to summarize the overall cost and value-added time of the process during the simulation. 

An alert Project Manager can realize real cost savings in these areas by being inquisitive, having a healthily skeptical attitude and a good sense of cost and value. The Project Manager does not have to be an expert in any particular field but must have a basic understanding of all disciplines involved in project execution. 

The loading of catalyst particles influences cost, and values have been decreased over time, with the lowest ones about 14 pg/cm achieved by using a... 

Manufacturing High cost and value of raw materials and intermediates. Small change in yield or quality has a major financial impact. Extensive efforts to fine-tune processes are readily justified. 

This chapter is not a comprehensive description of fillers in plastics and of the respective properties of the resulting materials. Books are written on this subject (see, for example. Ref. [1]). This chapter aims at a brief description of minerals which are either used as fillers in WPG or can be used readily, taking into account their cost and value-added properties. Besides, this chapter gives some examples of properties of WPGs after mineral fillers were added to the composition. 

The cost and value of these compounds in the drug discovery and development process are discussed later in the chapter. What is worth remembering is that the compound sources are no more than those outlined above. Chemistry is done by people, by machines programmed by people, or by nature—and that is it. 

The costs and values associated with the four decision outcomes, correct accepts, false alarms, misses, hits (VI, V2, V3, V4)... 

Clearly, knowledge-based functioning in decision depends upon accurate knowledge of costs, probabilities, and the process of optimization. Misperception of costs and values and misperception of prior defect probabihties can lead to incorrect decisions on criterion placement. Decision support for cost and value perceptions is simple in principle, although it is almost never formalized in an inspection task. Support for estimation of the true defective rate for each type of defect is much more difficult because it is based upon the output of the inspector, or of another inspector who is likely to be equally error prone. It is possible to provide such data to the inspector using another inspector who is allowed more time and/or resources for the decision. When these data are provided as feedforward of likely defect types and probabilities (Sheehan and Drury 1971) or as performance feedback (Drury and Addison 1973), dramatic reductions in error are found. 

Only the broadest approximation of costs for water clean-up can be made. The usual basis is cost per cubic metre of waste water treated rather than per kilogram of solvent removed. This approach tends to favour the end-of-pipe method but the point-source method is the better for total annual cost and value of solvent recaptured. 

Failure to properly account for, cost and value the environment and environment policy may lead to a wholly misleading understanding of society s wealth, it s income and it s real sustainable development potential. Policies which are designed to promote economic development are doomed to eventual failure if they do not include the environmental dimension as an integral component". 

In terms of PPE technology, there are considerable possibilities for extremity protection the capability offered by the technology will, however, impact its affordability. The constraint of cost and value for money is one issue that should be factored into any new product design specification. Aspects to be considered within this section include ... 

There is considerable disagreement across the community regarding the real cost and value of this... 

Performance, quality, robustness, life cycle cost and value... 

Casting coins from brass, or some brass-like alloy has a long history in China, Korea, Japan, and southeast Asia, one that reaches back into ancient times. The traditional coin is referred to as a "cash , a round coin with a square, central hole, and cash were usually strung together for ease of transport and trade. There has been a certain amount of numismatic study of such coins, with the emphasis being on those of China, as opposed to the coins of Korea, Japan, or what is now Vietnam (i-5). There appear to have been no metallurgical studies of these coins however, using either destructive or non-destructive techniques, perhaps because their low cost and value makes them less desirable to study as series of artifacts. 

Orient sales effort around demonstration of full cost and values added... 

Com oil has been ignored as a biodiesel feedstock formerly because of its higher cost and value as edible oil. However, developments in the ethanol production processes such as dry grinding have made way for higher amount of com oil production. Com oil is the fastest growing biodiesel feedstock in biodiesel production in the United States (Kotrba 2014). Ethanol producers began to utilize com oil as a biodiesel feedstock onsite biodiesel plants in order to take advantage of lower operational and transportation costs. Increases in ethanol production made the com oil a reliable feedstock in biodiesel production. 

Design collaboration can result in products that are easier to manufacture and distribute, resulting in lower overall costs. This factor is most important for components that contribute a significant amount to product cost and value. 

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