Pipes method

Finally, note that the adiabatic and isothermal pipe methods produce results that are reasonably close. For most real situations the heat transfer characteristics cannot be easily determined. Thus the adiabatic pipe method is the method of choice it will always produce the larger number for a conservative safety design. 

Open-Bottom Pipe (Method Oi). One grouting method was tested with open-bottom pipes in Subareas 1, 2, and 9 see Fig. E.l. In this method, an AW steel rod (1.75-in.-od, 1.22-in.-id), fitted with an expendable bottomplug, was driven into the ground to el... 

Sleeve-Pipe (Method S2). This grouting method, tested in Subareas 3, 4, 5, 10 and 11, involved injection of a predetermined volume of... 

With the process of decanting there is much to be gained from treating effluent with a high concentration of solvent at the point source rather than using AC as an end-of-pipe method of clean-up, as the following example shows ... 

Only the broadest approximation of costs for water clean-up can be made. The usual basis is cost per cubic metre of waste water treated rather than per kilogram of solvent removed. This approach tends to favour the end-of-pipe method but the point-source method is the better for total annual cost and value of solvent recaptured. 

Anonymous (1941). van Leer, Blake R. Who s who in engineering 5 1829. Lewis New York. Anonymous (1951). Blake Ragsdale van Leer. Mechanical Engineering 73(5) 447. Anonymous (1956). B.R. van Leer dies. Engineering News-Record 156(Feb.2) 24. Anonymous (1956). Blake R. s/sco. Lqqx. Power Engineering 6Q Y) 108-110. van Leer, B.R. (1922). The California pipe method of water measurement. Engineering News-Record ,9 5y. 190-192 93(8) 293. 

Humidity sensors in the form of ribbons located on pipes method prone to many malfunctions and bypass paths. 

Conventional biotechnology processes and techniques have relied on end-of-pipe technologies, that is treatment of waste and pollution that has already contaminated the air, soil, or water. Although such methods are necessary, particularly in remediation of existing pollution, many environmental biotechnologists think that end-of-pipe methods should be regarded as last-resort efforts, rather than preferred... 

An electroresistivity probe cannot be used to measure the holdup of aqueous ZnCl2 solution droplets in silicone oil because of the low electrical conductivity of aqueous ZnCh solution. A suction pipe method was therefore employed in which holdup was defined as the volumetric ratio of the solution to the total volume of a mixture of the solution and silicone oil. The inherent error in the suction pipe technique was determined by applying an electroresistivity probe and the suction pipe simultaneously to a water-silicone oil system [12]. It was found to be within 7%. 

More flexible piping methods including Bellowed piping bends or more expansion loops and bends in the piping. 

The Standard covers bar, plates, sheets, strip, structural shapes rolled stock, pipes, sheets with laminar coating and strip of carbon, alloyed and electrical steels and sets up nondestructive magnetic method of mechanical and service properties and microstructure control. 

The suggested method is appropriately implemented at the practice. The cost and working hours of unit measurement of it is less than of any alternative method of destructive test and with respect to the authenticity inspection of Stress-Deformation the given method is inferior only to destructive testing. The method was successfully implemented while evaluation of service life of main pipe-lines sections and pressure vessels as well. Data of method and instrument are used as official data equally with ultrasonic, radiation, magnetic particles methods, adding them by the previously non available information about " fatigue " metalwork structure. 

Remote Field Eddy Current (RFEC) technology is a variation of the conventional eddy-current method, developed for detecting flaws at any point in the walls of (particularly) ferromagnetic (Fe) tubes and pipes from the inside diameter. 

In general, radioscopic X-ray inspection systems are used in the serial examination of industrial workpieces since they enable a flexible adjustment of the beam direction and of the inspection perspective as well as on-line viewing of the radioscopic image. In the past few years this economic and reliable method has become prevalent in weld inspection during the manufacturing process of pipes. The configuration of such radioscopic systems is schematically represented in fig. 1. 

The accuracy of the presented methods was verified using test pipes with various diameters and wall thickness of which the wall thickness was measured independently using a slide-rule. Both on film and on the monitor the wall thickness could be determined within an accuracy of ca. 0.2 - 0.3 mm. 

Projection radiography is widely used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. Film digitisation allows a direct access to the local density variations by computer software. Following to a calibration step an interactive estimation of local wall thickness change based on the obtained density variation is possible. The theoretical model is discussed, the limitations of the application range are shown and examples of the practical use are given. The accuracy of this method is compared to results from wall thickness measurements with ultrasonic devices. 

Projection radiography has long been used for pipe inspection and corrosion monitoring. In this traditional tangential wall thickness estimation the distance of border lines of the projected wall shadows of a pipe onto the film is a direct measure for the wall thickness. This method is not considered here, newer developments can be found in / /. 

Because these pipes are key components used for airplanes, their ultrasonic testing quality must be guranteed. Therefore, the author has conducted studies about the flaw detection methods for coarse-grained TC4P extrusion pipes. 

The Research-Production Company (RPC) Zond (city of Ivano-Frankivsk) now is a well-known centre for development, fabrication and introduction of the technologies and methods of NOT of oil and gas equipment and tools Its experts developed and introduced the technologies and equipment which enables control of the drill pipes, especially their threaded joints, oil and gas equipment, sort out the pipes into groups by the strength and yield point of the pipes material, etc. 

The use of tracers enables efficient and reliable measurements of oil, gas and water flow in industrial process units and pipe line systems under production conditions thus fundamentally being non-destructive testing methods. Typical problems which can be efficiently assessed by tracer studies include ... 

Flow measurements using tracers are performed in all piping systems carrying oil, gas or water including separators, compressors, injector systems, and flares. Calibration of elsewhere difficult accessible flow meters is regularly performed by the tracer methods, which are based on international standards. Tracer flow measurements are also well suited for special purposes... 

The gaseous tracer method yields the equivalent piston flow linear velocity of the gas flow in the pipe without any constraints regarding flow regime under the conditions prevailing for flare gas flow. 

The method is based on the international standard ISO 4053/IV. A small amount of the radioactive tracer is injected instantaneously into the flare gas flow through e.g. a valve, representing the only physical interference with the process. Radiation detectors are mounted outside the pipe and the variation of tracer concentration with time is recorded as the tracer moves with the gas stream and passes by the detectors. A control, supply and data registration unit including PC is used for on site data treatment... 

A separator is fed with a condensate/gas mixture. The condensate leaves the bottom of the separator, passes a flowmeter and is followed by a choke valve, after which the condensate is boiling. The flow can not be measured using the transit time method, due to the combination of short piping, the absence of a suitable injection point and the flow properties of the condensate, which is non-newtonian due to a high contents of wax particles The condensate can not be representatively sampled, as it boils upon depressuratioh... 

For this kind of case, a modification of the dilution method is being developed. Instead of using an external fixed-geometry measurement chamber, a suitable part of the process, e.g. a stretch of pipe, is used. A radiation detector is mounted on the outside of the pipe, and a tracer emitting sufficiently hard gamma radiation is used. As sufficient mixing can be achieved by injecting upstream the separator the radiation level found will be strictly proportional to the concentration and thus inversely proportional to the true flow rate. 

The method implies injection of a mixture of 3 radioactive tracers each being distributed into one of the 3 phases. The tracers must show such differences in the emitting y-radiation energy spectra that they can be simultaneously detected by on line y-spectrometry. Candidate tracers are Br-82 as bromobenzene for oil, Na-24 or La-140 for water, and Kr-85 for gas. The tracers are injected simultaneously at a constant rate into the flow in the pressurised pipe, and the concentration is detected as series of instantaneous measurements taken downstream as illustrated in figure 2. 

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