Cashmere wool

A number of different wools are special and sold under dilferent names such as cashmere wool. These wools have their own special characteristics that increase their cost and value. It is interesting that many animals have developed their own special coats to overcome their native environment. Thus, because cashmere goats live in a cold mountain temperature, their wool is an elfective material to protest against the cold. 

Alpaca0 CameFs hair Cashmere wool Llama Mohair Vicuna... 

JEOL Japan Electron Optics Laboratory Kz cashmere wool... 

Poly(vinyl acetate) grades that are resistant to hydrolysis are obtained by copolymerization with vinyl stearate and vinyl pivalate (vinyl ester of trimethyl acetic acid), since the saponification rate is reduced by the bulkier side groups. Pure poly(vinyl pivalate) has too high a glass-transition temperature (78°C) for most poly(vinyl ester) applications. Copolymerization with vinylidene cyanide yields a fiber with a feel similar to Cashmere wool. Other copolymers are produced with olefins (see Section 25.2.1.5) and vinyl chloride (see Section 25.7.5.5)... 

Dampen the cuffs (or neckline or waistband) of your cotton, alpaca, cashmere, wool, or angora sweater. Use your fingers to pinch together the fibers and to reshape as desired. 

Commercial fabrics made from sheep s wool have a variety of names, depending on the weave pattern and the weight of the fabric. These include cavalry twill, challis, felt, flannel, gabardine, khaki, tweed, serge, sharkskin, velour. Cassimere is a fabric made of sheep s wool, not cashmere. It is of moderate weight and used most often for making men s suits. 

Textile definitions most generally accepted for reference in the United States are those standardized by the American Society for Testing Materials and published in ASTM Standards on Textile Materials (W, 25). The Federal Trade Commission has also established definitions for use in enforcing its Trade Practice Rulings 20). These may differ from the ASTM definitions—for example, the ASTM restricts its definition of wool to the fiber from the fleece of the sheep, whereas the Federal Trade Commission defines it as the fiber from the fleece of the sheep or lamb or hair of the Angora or Cashmere goat (and may include the so-called specialty fibers from the hair of the camel, alpaca, llama, and vicuna). ... 

DoreTex is a yam-spinning company that focuses on high-end yams. While 60% of the company s output is synthetic, the company s core focus is cotton. This is both because the DoreTex production technology is based on the system used for cotton and because the natural fibre, along with linen, hemp, silk, wool and cashmere, is what ensmes the company s privileged relationship with the fashion industry. Consequently, the application of the decision-making process was focussed on the cotton division. 

Leeder [16] has shown that the composition of the cell membrane complex (see Section 5.2.5), of which the lipid fraction is one component, has a dramatic influence on fiber and fabric properties. The composition of the internal lipid fractions of a number of specialty animal fibers has been the subject of detailed study [309,310]. Wool, cashmere, cashgora, and mohair contain free cholesterol and desmosterol in the ratio of 1.7-2.6 1 [309]. By comparison, llama, camel, and alpaca fibers contain virtually no free cholesterol or desmosterol. The results for yak vary widely [309,310]. Rabbit and dog hairs have distinctive sterol compositions, which are unlike each other and different from that of wool and goat fibers. 

Logan et al. [309] analyzed the free fatty acid composition of wool, mohair, cashgora, rabbit, yak, camel, alpaca, and dog hair and found that palmitic, stearic, and oleic adds accounted for 77-96% of the free fatty acids present. Korner [310] determined the total fatty acid composition for cashmere and yak fibers after saponification and found that the three fatty acids accounted for 50-60% of the fatty acids present. In addition, many fatty acids in the range C7-C26 were present in small amounts. These results confirm that some of the fatty acids are present as esters. When wool, cashmere, and cashgora, from which the surface grease has been removed, are digested with alkali, high yields (16-18%) of 18-methyleicosanoic acid are obtained [309,311]. This fatty acid is covalently bound to the surface of the fibers (see Section 5.2.2). 

The fine structure of the specialty animal fibers, particularly that of cashmere, cashgora, llama, alpaca, guanaco, vicuna, yak, and camel, has received little attention compared to that given to wool. Prior to the late 1980s, most of the examinations were on longitudinal and transverse fiber sections and used optical microscopy [312-314]. The more recent work arose from the need to differentiate one animal fiber from another [315]. As a result, SEM procedures have been developed. These require the measurement of scale heights [316,317] and can suffer from problems of interpretation due to false scale edges and ill-defined scales. 

Early studies on the fine structure of specialty animal fibers involved differential staining using dyestuffs or heavy metals, and subsequent observations were made using light microscopy. By means of these techniques, vicuna fiber was shown to have a bilateral structure [318], and mohair fiber, predominantly ortho- with some paralike material [319] (see Sections 5.2.2 and 5.2.3). Bilateral structures are also observed when wool, cashmere, camel, and alpaca (but not mohair) are treated with sodium hydroxide and examined by means of polarized light [297]. 

TEM studies of thin transverse fiber sections show that the cortical structure of cashmere is considerably different from that of fine wool [296,311,320]. Australian and Chinese cash-mere fibers display both bilateral symmetry and random cell arrangements, not only in cashmere fibers from different samples but also in fibers from the same fleece [296,311], whereas fine wool fiber exhibits bilateral asymmetry only. The variation in cortical structure among fibers from the same cashmere fleece suggests that different mechanisms may be involved in fiber formation. Cashmere cortex is composed predominantly of ortholike and mesolike cells, whereas fine wool is composed predominantly of ortho- and paracortical cells arranged bilaterally. Because of the variations observed, many transverse sections need to be examined before definitive statements can be made about the physical structure of fiber from a given cashmere sample. 

A number of animal-based materials are used in the apparel market, including wool, cashmere, angora, and silk. There is also a significant reliance on animal skins in the leather industry, with skins used from cattle, goats, and even exotic animals such as snake and crocodile. The use of feather and down recently has been highlighted as a source of ethical concern by a number of NGOs in Europe and North America. 

Albumin fibers wool, silk, mohair, camelhair, cashmere. 

Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis in sodium do-decyl sulfate combined with staining by Coomassie Blue could be used to distinguish among merino wool, mohaiq and cashmere. 

Angora wool Cashmere Goat hair Horse hair Yak Mulberr Spider Tussah... 

Cashmere n. The extremely soft hair of the Cashmere goat. Cashmere is often blended with sheep s wool in fabrics. 

A garment that conforms smoothly to an individual s body shape and moves effortlessly with every move one makes is possible using seamless technology with Tactel and Lycra yarns. The alternate needle selection knitting makes fabric open and less elastic, particularly in the welt and the cuff areas. In this context, elastic, hexible, and durable yams such as wool are recommended. In the current global scenario wool such as cashmere, and angora, and manufactured hbre such as acrylic, are used to create seamless outerwear. Viscose and polyamide with Lycra or other elastomerics are also among the other choices. 

The finishing of knitwear garments requires special attention to processing, as this will ultimately result in improved quality. The knitwear sector consists of a range of fibre and fibre blends. Wool is still possibly the most important section of knitwear production, followed by 100% acrylic and wool acrylic blends. Mohair, alpaca and cashmere have all figured into the production of knitwear, but essentially their production is relatively small compared to both wool and wool acrylic blends. 

Optim fine fibers are stronger and softer than the parent wool and exhibit an attractive lustre. They are used to produce fabrics with many of the aesthetic properties of silk. The modified wool is ideal for spinning into fine yams, especially with other high value natural fibers, eg, silk, cashmere, and alpaca, where softness, lightness, and sheen are desirable attributes. 

The resulting fibres can be spun on cotton or worsted machinery and blended with cashmere (80% soya to 20% cashmere) or in 50% blends with wool, silk, cotton (Fig. 13.8). It can be woven into high quality fabrics with high weave counts (Fig. 13.9). 

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