Cost profile

For more complex examples, total cost profiles return step changes such as shown in Fig. 7.12 (due to changes in Nu ts and /Vshklls)-These step changes are easily located, prior to design, through simple software. Most important, extensive experience has shown that predicted overall costs are typically accurate within 5 percent or better. ... 

Figure 8.6 shows the component costs combined to give a total cost which varies with both reactor conversion and recycle inert concentration. Each setting of the recycle inert concentration shows a cost profile with an optimal reactor conversion. As the recycle inert concentration is increased, the total cost initially decreases but then... 

The cost of the individual colorants plus the method of addition (concentrate, dispersion or raw colorant) may be a significant portion of a colored part s costs. These costs often can be rapidly changing because of raw material avaUabUities. An accurate up to date cost profile of colorant raw materials should be kept for every formulator. 

Once the figures for an FTE are established, the cost corresponding to the number of samples that can be analyzed per day is calculated. Figure 3.6, illustrates a cost profile for LC/MS analyses up to 100 samples per day. This model indicates analysis throughput from a quantitative process approach and provides a fiscal illustration of the impact the analysis may have on drug development. For example, LC/MS-based strategies, which have been demonstrated to increase the rate of sample analysis by 2- to 10-fold in the pharmaceutical industry, can be expected to reduce the cost per analysis by a corresponding ratio. 

Figure 1. Time and cost profile for the discovery and development of a drug candidate.

Fig. 1 Time and cost profile for drug discovery and development.

The calendar pack and monthly cost to the consumer not only position the product toward enhanced consumer acceptance but also toward better patient compliance, especially with expensive medications. In contrast, inhalation aerosol units, because of their pattern of chronic use, frequently contain sufficient doses to last several months. Suffice it to note, it behooves the marketing unit to work with financial analysts to determine the optimal product configuration and cost profile that maximizes consumer acceptance and convenience, unit turns, profits, and resources. 

Figure 1. Cost profiles during ground state energy optimization of O based on (a) energy and (b) variance minimization approach.

At low parameter temperatures the fluctuations in the cost profile have been drastically reduced and extrapolation to T=0 is practically linear, the overall efficiency of the procedures does not depend strongly on the starting point of the minimization. Whatever be the starting point, a unit vector or a good approximation to 0 in the linear space concerned, the performance index of the method remains virtually the szune. 

TABLE 22.2 Utility, American Volume, and Cost Profiles of Some Large Scale Synthetic Polymers"... 

Key reasons for the selection of Ausmelt technology for lead smelting by Metaleurop, Tsumeb and Korea Zinc are the excellent environmental performance, capital and operating cost profiles and process flexibility provided in a compact high intensity smelter system. 

It is not that no attempts have been made, but the success of relatively young polymeric materials (e.g., liquid crystalline polyesters) was found to be limited to the order of some tens of thousands of metric tons, some orders of magnitude less than the polyolefins. But, there is also a significant technical hurdle that must be overcome, in that those polymers seeking to become the world s next polymer idol must not only dehver an excellent performance, but also demonstrate a good production cost profile. 

The advantage of blending bacterial plastics with other polymers is to offset the relatively high cost and to further improve the physical properties, tailoring the plastic to a specific performance-cost profile (Table 3). 

One factor of LCC analysis is an affordability analysis with due considerations for long-term financial planning. Therefore, it is necessary to draw a cost profile over entire life. It is obviously noticed that the cost profile of each design case should be compared on a common basis or reference point when making financial judgments [1]. There are two aspects here ... 

Model run Cost profile is developed by running cost models developed in an LCC analysis with input data. Computer tools can be used to run a model or it could be manual calculations in a spreadsheet. 

Cost treatment In this, various aspects like effect of inflation, interest rates, exchange rates and taxation, etc. are considered for financial judgment. Many times, the cost profiles are made on the basis of constant prices. This is adopted for those cases where it is difficult to accurately predict inflation and exchange rate, etc. In such cases, it is necessary to compare the alternatives on a common baseline. 

As has been shown here, POT is moderate volume thermoplastic polyesters with applications in molded plastics and fibers, and it is often used in blend formulations [136]. Because of the low melt viscosity and melt stability, PBT can be melted with other thermoplastic polyesters or with entirely different polymers. The key reason for blending PBT with other polymers is to "tailor" new materials with beneficial performance-cost profiles which will meet actual application... 

Manufacturers have long emphasized cost reduction in their improvement efforts — particularly on shop floor and direct labor activity. But today s supply chains are increasingly knowledge based. They are composed of informa-hon factories as much as producers of physical goods. The typical cost of a manufactured product is about 10% touch labor, 50% direct material, and 40% overhead. The overhead figure, in particular, includes a lot of informa-hon handling — the domain of the so-called white-collar worker. In a company with this cost profile, these functions will consinne several times the resources directly related to produchon. Of course, the service business is even more information-intensive. 

Given a cost profile for a component from a system, the methodology for the designing a safety function is established through the following steps ... 

Calculation of the components redundancies that respects adopted cost profile. 

When allocating the PFD targets to the components the designer should also be concerned about the design costs. Each component has its own cost profile that depends on its PFD. It could then be beneficial to choose a design option that minimizes the costs without affecting required safety targets. 

Accordingly, the designer s attempt to increase the PFD of some safety functions and decrease those of the others can not lead to lower costs then those associated to the initial PFD SFf) calculated by (5) and (6) unless all components accommodate different cost profiles. This is due to the adopted cost functional from (4) that gives minimal RRF factors optimally adjusted to the risk frequencies of the individual risks. 

Such cost profiles are typical in practice, where the price of a product is kept constant for a large range of selected performance. 

Generally, the component cost profiles differ for each component. We restrict ourselves to the cases where each component group have approximately the same costs for their required performance level. This assumption somewhat simplifies the problem but does not narrow the scope of application. 

We adopt the following cost profiles for each component ... 

In this paper we provide the designer with a three-step workflow on how to allocate PDFs to safety functions components that respects the components costs profiles in order to obtain a more cost-effective design. In the first step, we show how to avoid taking disproportionate decisions when allocating PFDs to the safety functions. In the second step, using the components cost profiles we show how to translate the SFs PFD targets to their respective component subsystems. The third step is concerned about finding cost-optimal redundancy for a component subsystems. 

Such data can be used to construct a cost-time profile. Bernon et al. (2003) record the process in terms of time and cost for a poultry product from receipt of live bird to delivery of finished product to the retailer. Overall, the process takes an average of 175 hours to complete. The profile shows areas that consume time and cost within the supply chain, highlighting those for future investigation that could yield savings. For example, distribution accounts for 35 per cent of process time, but only 3 per cent of total cost. Slicing and packaging are more in line, since they account for 25 per cent of total cost and are responsible for 28 per cent of the total process time. Figure 3.8 shows the time-cost profile for this process. 

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