Stabilization ponds

Stabilization Ponds. Stabilization ponds have a water depth of 1—2 m and oxygen is suppHed by surface entrainment or by algae. The BOD loading must be low and the detention time is 5—25 days (218). 

Seismic zone basis must be specified for structural design. Soil data is important, especially for cases where extensive use of foundation piling is required with major cost impact. Availability of aggregate or natural pond stabilization materials near the site will not be considered for early cost estimates, but can be kept in mind for future planning if the project is given the green light. 

Due to the focus of this work, other biological processes will also be mentioned. They include trickling filters, coating biological contactors, pond stabilization, anaerobic digestion, and biological nutrient removal.23 5... 

The four most common aerobic biological treatment processes are stabilization ponds, aerated lagoons, trickling filters, and activated sludge (see... 

Waste stabilization ponds are shallow basins into which wastes are fed for biological decomposition. The chemical reactions involved are the same as those that occur in the other biological processes. Aeration is provided by the wind, and anaerobic digestion may also occur near the bottom of deeper ponds. The ponds are very commonly used for sewage treatment and dilute industrial wastes. Waste stabilization ponds are normally used as the final treatment step for effluents because they are not effieient enough to be used on their own. 

Some kraft mills use both aerated and nonaerated basins. The stabilization basin, which may precede or follow the aerated stabilization basin, serves as a polishing or holding pond to remove additional organic materials, including biological solids, or to reduce final effluent discharges to receiving waters. 

These are similar to stabilization ponds except that oxygen is added by mechanical surface aerators. This cuts the residence time of the water by 80%. It also means that the depth of the lagoons can be increased to 18 ft (5.5 m) and aerobic conditions can be maintained. The surface aerator power level is usually between 0.008 and 0.06 hp/1,000 gal (0.0002-0.016 hp/m3). This is not enough power to keep all the solids in solution. To do that would require 0.05-0.1 hp/1,000 gal (0.013-0.026 hp/m3).33... 

The excellent UV stability of chlorosulphonated polyethylene has led to wide use as a roof sheeting material, the ability to compound this material to slowly cure at ambient temperatures being an added advantage another sheeting application is pond liners. Wire and cable applications, coated fabrics, and items made from them, hoses and moulded goods are other areas in which this material finds use. 

Figure 4. Copper complexation by a pond fulvic acid at pH 8 as a function of the logarithm of [Cu2+]. On the x-axis, complex stability constants and kinetic formation rate constants are given by assuming that the Eigen-Wilkens mechanism is valid at all [M]b/[L]t. The shaded zone represents the range of concentrations that are most often found in natural waters. The + represent experimental data for the complexation of Cu by a soil-derived fulvic acid at various metakligand ratios. An average line, based on equations (26) and (30) is employed to fit the experimental data. Data are from Shuman et al. [2,184]...

A combined anaerobic /aerobic biotreatment can be more effective than aerobic or anaerobic treatment alone. The simplest approach for this type of treatment is the use of aerated stabilization ponds, aerated and nonaerated lagoons, and natural and artificial wetland systems. 

A stabilization pond is a simple pond in which aeration is not mechanically enhanced. Its shallow depth allows the pond to function aerobically without mechanical aerators. Algae in the pond produce oxygen through photosynthesis, which is then used by the bacteria to oxidize the wastes. Because of the low loadings, little biological sludge is produced and the pond is fairly resistant to upsets due to shock loadings. 

The stabilization pond is practical where land is plentiful and cheap. It has a large surface area and a shallow depth, usually not exceeding 2 m (6 ft). Stabilization ponds have a long retention, ranging from 11 to 110 days [38], depending on the land available as well as the design requirement. 

Stabilization ponds have been successfully used in the treatment of refinery and petrochemical wastewaters. They are used either as the major treatment step or as a pohshing process after other treatment processes. In the United States, because land is generally quite expensive, the use of waste stabilization ponds is limited [17]. 

Attached-growth waste stabilization ponds have been used to remove 65-70% TKN (total Kjeldahl nitrogen), and 70-83% NH3-N from concentrated latex and rubber sheet plant wastewaters [8]. A combined algae and water hyacinth system has been used to remove 96.41% COD, 98.93% TKN, 99.28% NH3-N, 100% NO2-N, and 100% NO3-N [9]. 

Rakkoed, A. Danteravanich, S. Puetpaiboon, U. Nitrogen removal in attached growth waste stabilization ponds of wastewater from a rubber factory. Water Sci. Technol. 1999, 40(i), 45-52. 

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