Cord to rubber

Thermosets A number of thermosets have been used as adhesives. Phenolic resins were used as adhesives by Leo Baekeland in the early 1900s. Phenolic resins are still used to bind together thin sheets of wood to make plywood. Urea resins have been used since 1930 as binders for wood chips in the manufacture of particle board. Unsaturated polyester resins are used for body repair and PUs are used to bond polyester cord to rubber in tires, and vinyl film to particle board, and to function as industrial sealants. Epoxy resins are used in the construction of automobiles and aircraft and as a component of plastic cement. 

Unsaturated polyester resins have replaced lead for auto body repair, and polyurethanes (PUs) are being used to bond polyester cord to rubber in tires, to bond vinyl film to particleboard, and as industrial sealants. Epoxy resins are used in automotive and aircraft construction and as a component of plastic cements. 

ASTM D4776, 2004. Standard test method for adhesion of tire cords and other reinforcing cords to rubber compounds by H-test procedure. 

Other types of coupling agents include 1,2-diketones for steel,27 nitrogen heterocyclic compounds such as benzotriazole for copper,28,29 and some cobalt compounds for the adhesion of brass-plated tire cords to rubber.30... 

Condensed Tannins as Substitutes for Resorcinol in Bonding Polyester and Nylon Cord to Rubber... 

Condensed tannins have considerable promise as substitutes for resorcinol used in resin formulations for bonding of nylon or, particularly, polyester cord to rubber. Although much more work needs to be done, preliminary results suggest that refinement of extract properties and adhesive formulations could lead to a large, high-value market for condensed tannin extracts. 

Recently, van Ooij et al. have reviewed adhesion of steel tire cord to rubber (van Ooij et al., 2009). The authors reviewed the literature extensively and provided an updated model for adhesion to brass-plated tire cord, which incorporated observations made by many techniques. They discussed the effects of different compounding ingredients and the possible alternatives to the current brass coatings. They note that the use of cobalt compounds improves the adhesion between rubber and brass-coated cords, but new adhesion promoters have been developed as replacements for Co, or for combined use with Co. They also discussed the use of phenolic-resin adhesion promoters. They describe the various techniques that have been developed to study the rubber-brass interface and its aging mechanism. 

The commercial polymers have molecular weights of up to 100,000 g/mol and ratios of primary-.secondary tertiary amino groups of 1 2 1. They are used as adhesives (e.g., bonding polyester cord to rubber), paper additives, etc. Quaternized poly(ethylene imines) form water-soluble polycations and are used as flocculants in the processing of tap water. 

Dynamic adhesion n. The ability of a cord-to-rubber bond to resist degradation resulting from flexure. 

Static adhesion n. In tire cord, the measurement of the strength of a cord-to-rubber bond under static conditions or very low strain rate. 

One of the most recent innovations for bonding tyre cord to rubber has been the nse of silanes to promote adhesion and to protect the interface [60, 61]. Other non-metallic systems, such as tetrachlorobenzoquinone [62] and chloropyrimidines and chlorotriazines [63] have also been studied. Regarding copper free coating of steel, alloy systems containing Zn/Ni/Co [64], Zn/Co [65,66] and other zinc alloys [67] have been proposed. 

Standard Test Method for Adhesion of Tire Cords and other Reinforcing Cords to Rubber Compounds by H-Test Procedure, 2002. 

Hamed G R, Chung K H, Hemingway R W (1989) Condensed tannins as substitutes for resorcinol in bonding polyester and nylon cord to rubber. In Hemingway R, Conner A H (eds) Adhesives from renewable resources. ACS Symp Ser Washington DC 242-253... 

Although this paper does not deal with the tire cord adhesives, the use of the steel belt in the newer radial tires and in truck tires has Indicated a need for better adhesive systems and methods of testing the steel cord to rubber adhesion. ... 

Besides the PP-NW treatment, the potential of DCSBD plasma sources for textile surface activation has already been demonstrated in many contexts, for example, in an improvement of polyester cords to rubber [65] and efficient cleaning and activation of various materials including polymer films, paper-board, and glass. On a laboratory scale it has been tested also for the plasma activation of polymer films for various applications [66] and surface activation of paper [67]. 

RFL resorcinol formaldehyde resin plus latex) bonding of tire cord to rubber. 

Dispersions of copolymers of butadiene with acrylic acid or methacrylic acid in aqueous potassium hydroxide have been mentioned in the patent literature" as a dip for adhering rayon tire cord to rubber. The effect is most evident when carboxyl groups are present in the adhesive, the tie cement, and the cover stocks. The adhesive may be applied as latex, aqueous dispersion, or cement. A patent issued to the Dunlop Company Ltd." describes the use of a styrene-butadiene-itaconic acid copolymer with Gen-Tac Latex (GenCorp) in formulating an RFL (resorcinol formaldehyde latex) type adhesive for bonding a natural rubber compound to Nylon 66 and rayon tire cords. Brodnyan" also claims carboxylic adhesives for rayon, nylon, and Dacron cords. In this case, the tire cords were treated with a mixed polymer latex containing resorcinol-formaldehyde condensate, a butadiene-vinyl pyridine copolymer, an SBR copolymer, and a multifunctional copolymer from methyl acrylate, 2-hydroxy propyl methacrylate, and acrylic acid. A different approach was reported by Badenkov" whereby rayon or nylon tire cords were coated with... 

Generally bond strength increases with pickup of cord. About 4-6%, as shown in Fig. 8, is considered optimum for satisfactory adhesion of cord to rubber. 

EFFECTS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTANTS ON ADHESION OF RFL COAT TIRE CORDS TO RUBBER... 

The adhesion of RFL-coated tire cords to rubber can be adversely affected if the dipped cords are exposed to ozone, UV light, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, or air before vulcanization into rubber. lyengar proposed that ozone exposure of RFL reduces adhesion because ozone attacks the double bonds of the butadiene component of the rubber latex and impairs its cocuring with the solid rubber compound. Infrared studies by Solomon reinforced this argument. When typical RFL films were exposed to ozone, the IR spectrum showed an increase in IR absorption at 1720 cm corresponding to an increase in the carbonyl content in the exposed film. An RFL film with no ozone exposure did not show this absorption at 1720 cm The increased carbonyl content is due to the reaction of some double bonds in the rubber with ozone and therefore, would leave fewer unsaturation sites for rubber crosslinking and adhesion. 

A special variation of SBR latex containing terpolymerized vinyl pyridine is used in the tire industry to provide adhesion of organic fiber tire cords to rubber stock. The vinyl pyridine SBR latex is combined with resins and coated on the fiber by a dipping process, followed by a controlled temperature and tension process to set the adhesive as well as to control the shrinkage properties of the cord. 

Results of studies are examined regarding factors affecting the adhesion of steel cord to rubber. The adhesion is balanced with improved aged compound characteristics and reduced compound heat build-up through the use of l,3-bis(citraconimidomethyl)benzene, and hexa-methylene-l,6-bis(thiosulphate) disodium salt dihydrate. This combination of chemicals not only improves the... 

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