Copper polymer-stabilized

M. Ilieva and V. Tsakova, Copper electrocrystaUization in PEDOT in presence and absence of copper-polymer stabilized species, Electrochim. Acta, 50,1669 1674 (2005). 

Savinova ER, Chuvilin AL, Parmon VN. 1988. Copper colloids stabilized by water-soluble polymers Part 1. Preparation and Properties. J Mol Catal 48 217-229. 

Copper ) bromide, molecular formula and uses, 7 1111 Copper cable, 17 848 Copper-cadmium alloys, 4 502 Copper(II) carbonate, molecular formula and uses of basic, 7 1111 Copper(II) carbonate hydroxide, 7 768-769 Copper(II) carboxylates, in VDC polymer stabilization, 25 720... 

The process is initiated at terminal hydroxy groups and favoured by the spiral-like structure of polysiloxanes. Replacement of the hydroxy groups by methyl, or blocking them by chelation to copper, iron or zirconium acetylacetonates, considerably decreases the rate of decomposition of the polymer and increases its thermal stability (Table 9). However, pronounced crosslinking even at moderate temperatures was observed in the polymer stabilized by transition metal compounds. The effect of the metal additives during thermal ageing is associated with reactions leading... 

Empirical C16H14N4O2 Properties Wh. powd. sp.gr. 0.216 Uses Antioxidant for polymers copper deactivator stabilizer Manuf./Distrib. Eastman http //www. eastman. com Trade Name Synonyms Eastman Inhibitor OABH [Eastman http //www.eastman.com]-, MDA-1 t[Ciba Spec. Chems./Plastic Addit. http //WWW. cibasc. com]... 

Uniform bimetallic copper-palladium colloids (the metals are completely miscible) have been prepared by thermolysis of mixtures of the acetates in high boiling solvents such as bromobenzene, xylenes, and methyl- o-butyl ketone [86] in the absence of polymer stabilizers. The resulting agglomerated bimetallic particles often contained CuO in addition to the metals. Smaller particle sizes and narrower size distributions without oxide formation were reported to result from the analogous reaction in 2-ethoxyethanol in the presence of PVR [38] In both cases the homogeneous composition of the particles was established during the electron microprobe analysis used to determine the Cu Pd ratio in the individual particles. 

Polyethylene Aluminum oxide, ferric oxide [56-59, 79-87], copper oxide [48], and iron [57-63] all thermally degrade the polymer, whereas highly dispersed iron, copper, lead [60], and cobalt chloride [48] have no effect on polymer stability at deviated temperatures. 

The oxidation of pol5nners is also catalyzed by certain metal ions, which can exist in two oxidation states, e.g. copper, iron, cobalt. These ions exhibit a pre-oxidant effect by stimulating the decomposition of hydroperoxides. Metal deactivators are employed to form complex compounds with them. The metal ions are partially or fully deactivated and the polymer is stabilized. Alkyl and aryl phosphates are used for polymer stabilization (see Table 1). 

The approaches to polymer-stabilized copper nanomaterials can be divided into three main classes (i) the so-called polyol process (ii) soft-template processes in which the polymer is employed (either as such or in combination with other capping agents), aiming exclusively at stabilization of the Cu phases and (iii) dendrimer-encapsulation. 

The polymer-stabilized monovalent copper Cu(l)—poly(2-aminobenzoic acid) shows a high catalytic activity toward azide—alkyne 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reactions carried out at room temperature, in the presence of water as a solvent. Under aerated conditions, catalytic efficiency was proved for at least five cycles [40]. Cu(OAc)2 immobilized on a polystyrene-anchored imidazole... 

Polymer cable anodes are made of a conducting, stabilized and modified plastic in which graphite is incorporated as the conducting material. A copper cable core serves as the means of current lead. The anode formed by the cable is flexible, mechanically resistant and chemically stable. The cable anodes have an external diameter of 12.7 mm. The cross-section of the internal copper cable is 11.4 mm and its resistance per unit length R is consequently 2 mQ m l The maximum current delivery per meter of cable is about 20 mA for a service life of 10 years. This corresponds to a current density of about 0.7 A m. Using petroleum coke as a backfill material allows a higher current density of up to a factor of four. 

Impurities in mineral fillers can have serious effects. Coarse particles (grit) will lead to points of weakness in soft polymers which will therefore fail under stresses below that which might be expected. Traces of copper, manganese and iron can affect the oxidative stability whilst lead may react with sulphur-containing additives or sulphurous fumes in the atmosphere to give a discoloured product. 

Whilst the conductivity of these polymers is generally somewhat inferior to that of metals (for example, the electrical conductivity of polyacetylenes has reached more than 400 000 S/cm compared to values for copper of about 600 000 S/cm), when comparisons are made on the basis of equal mass the situation may be reversed. Unfortunately, most of the polymers also display other disadvantages such as improcessability, poor mechanical strength, poor stability under exposure to common environmental conditions, particularly at elevated temperatures, poor storage stability leading to a loss in conductivity and poor stability in the presence of electrolytes. In spite of the involvement of a number of important companies (e.g. Allied, BASF, IBM and Rohm and Haas) commercial development has been slow however, some uses have begun to emerge. It is therefore instructive to review briefly the potential for these materials. 

Consequently, when selecting and blending the various raw materials used in all-polymer/all-organic formulations, the questions of thermal and hydrolytic stability and ability to transport or otherwise control colloidal iron oxides (in addition to possible adverse effects such as copper corrosion) become increasingly important at higher boiler temperatures and pressures. 

There are a few reports of poly(naphthalene) thin films. Yoshino and co-workers. used electrochemical polymerization to obtain poly(2,6-naphthalene) film from a solution of naphthalene and nitrobenzene with a composite electrolyte of copper(II) chloride and lithium hexafluoroarsenate. Zotti and co-workers prepared poly( 1,4-naphthalene) film by anionic coupling of naphthalene on. platinum or glassy carbon electrodes with tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate as an electrolyte in anhydrous acetonitrile and 1,2-dichloroethane. Recently, Hara and Toshima prepared a purple-colored poly( 1,4-naphthalene) film by electrochemical polymerization of naphthalene using a mixed electrolyte of aluminum chloride and cuprous chloride. Although the film was contaminated with the electrolyte, the polymer had very high thermal stability (decomposition temperature of 546°C). The only catalyst-free poly(naphthalene) which utilized a unique chemistry, Bergman s cycloaromatization, was obtained by Tour and co-workers recently (vide infra). 

Paints were prepared from polymers of different composition and composition distribution using a standard copper thiocyanate based formulation similar to that which has been described by Hails and Symonds (11). A rotating disc technique (3) was used to measure the polishing rate (which is a measure of hydrolysis rate) of polymer and paint films. Standard coated panels were attached to a disc (Figure 4) in a radial display and this disc then rotated at a constant speed (1400 rpm) in a thermostatically controlled lank (25°C) of replenished sea water. They hydrolytic stability of the films was assessed by the rate of change of film thickness as measured by a surface profiling technique (Ferranti Surfcom). 

Nanosized cobalt, copper, gold, nickel, rhodium, and silver particles have been stabilized by polyions and polymers [514, 549-553]. Particularly significant has been the simultaneous reduction of HAuC14 and PdCl2 in the presence of poly(iV-vinyl-2-pyrrolidine) to give relatively uniform, 1.6-nm-diameter, palladium-coated gold bimetallic clusters [554]. 

Cu2(02CMe)4(H20)2, which has the binuclear tetraacetate bridged structure typical of a number of metal(II) acetates, is a stabilizer for various polymers. Copper(II) gluconate, Cu[02C CH(0H) 4CH20H]2, is used as a deodorant. Copper(II) soaps, mainly the oleate and stearate, find application in antifouling paints, and as fungicides for textiles. A summary in tabular form of all applications of simple salts and complexes of copper is available.96... 

Catalysts. Iodine and its compounds are very active catalysts for many reactions (133). The principal use is in the production of synthetic rubber via Ziegler-Natta catalysts systems. Also, iodine and certain iodides, eg, titanium tetraiodide [7720-834], are employed for producing stereospecific polymers, such as polybutadiene rubber (134) about 75% of the iodine consumed in catalysts is assumed to be used for polybutadiene and polyisoprene polymerization (66) (see Rubber CHEMICALS). Hydrogen iodide is used as a catalyst in the manufacture of acetic acid from methanol (66). A 99% yield as acetic acid has been reported. In the heat stabilization of nylon suitable for tire cordage, iodine is used in a system involving copper acetate or borate, and potassium iodide (66) (see Tire cords). 

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