Copper in plasma

Bettger, W.J., D.J. Spry, K.A. Cockell, C.Y. Cho, and J.W. Hilton. 1987. The distribution of zinc and copper in plasma erythrocytes and erythrocyte membranes of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri). Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 87C 445-451. 

Copper liver burden reduced to 201 mg/kg DW vs. 346 in controls copper in plasma elevated to 1100 pg/L vs. 690 in controls. No effect on growth, or food and water consumption (9) Normal milk Mo level of 0.06 mg/L (5)... 

Osman, N.H.I. and A.R. Sykes. 1989. Comparative effects of dietary molybdenum concentration on distribution of copper in plasma in sheep and red deer (Cervus elaphus). Proc. N.Z. Soc. Anim. Product. 49 15-19. 

Copper in plasma can be estimated following twenty-fold dilution with 0.1 normal HC1. Although few metals cause interference when using flame AAS [31] standards containing 6/xgCu per 100 ml should be made up in the plasma or mine equivalent [32]. Only very small amounts of copper are excreted in the urine of normal subjects and specimens are best aspirated undiluted. However, in Wilson s disease and especially during treatment urine copper may be high and appropriate dilution will be needed. 

Yamada, H., Yasunobu, K., Yamano, T., and Mason, H. S., 1963, Copper in plasma amine oxidase, Nature 198 1092nl093. 

E2. Ellis, D. J., Hartley, T. F., and Dawson, J. B., The use of electrolytic separation for the determination of copper in plasma by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Proc. Congr. Int. Speclrom. Absorption Fluorescence At., 3rd, Paris, 1971 in press (1972). 

The copper in some of these copper proteins accounts for a sizable portion or all of the copper present in the organ compartment where they are found. Copper locked in ceruloplasmin accounts for 90-95% of the copper in plasma (H14). Copper boimd to human liver copper protein, according to Morell, accounts for as much as 80% of the total copper in the sub-cellular soluble fraction of liver (M32), and another 7% is accounted for... 

Copper is an essential trace metal which is a component of a wide range of intracellular metalloen/ymes. including cytochrome oxidase, superoxide dismutase. tyrosinase, dopamine hydroxylase and lysyl oxidase. Most of the copper in plasma is associated w-ith the specific copper-binding protein, caeruloplasmin. 

The originally reported antisecretory activity of copper complexes [22] has, at least in part, been explained as antihistaminic activity or as a modulation of the activity of histamine (Tables 6.17-6.21) [261, 263, 267, 269], This suggestion is consistent with observations that copper markedly increases (50-fold) specific cimetidine bonding to brain membrane receptors [278-280]. Cimetidine has also been shown to form stable copper complexes [298,299] and the computer-simulated interactions of it with copper in plasma have been investigated [300, 301]. It is also known that copper decreases compound 48/80 and concanavalin-A-induced releases of histamine from peritoneal mast cells [281]. Further explanation of these antisecretory effects have been attributed to modulated syntheses of prostaglandins E2 and F2 [271], which is consistent with other reports of copper complex modulation of prostaglandin syntheses [282-286]. 

Versieck. J., Hoste, J., and Barbier, F. (1976). Determination du manganese, du cuivre et du zinc dans le serum chez des sujets normaux et des malades atteints de metastases hepatiques, Acta gastro-ent., Beig., 340-349 Ward, A.F., Mitchell, D.G., Kahi, M., and Aldous, K.M. (1974). Determination of copper in plasma and serum by use of a microsampling cup in atomic absorption spectrometry. Clin. Chem., 22, 1199... 

Remarkably consistent results for copper in plasma and serum are found in the literature. There appear to be no major methodological difficulties or contamination hazards in contrast to the values of those trace elements present at 10 or 10 times lower concentration in the same sample. The mean value of copper lies at 1.1 pg/mL, the individual figures cover a range from 0.815 to 1.37 pg/mL. 

Inductively coupled argon plasma (icp) and direct current argon plasma (dcp) atomic emission spectrometry are solution techniques that have been appHed to copper-beryUium, nickel—beryUium, and aluminum—beryUium aUoys, beryUium compounds, and process solutions. The internal reference method, essential in spark source emission spectrometry, is also useful in minimizing drift in plasma emission spectrometry (17). Electrothermal (graphite... 

After deposition of 0.5 nm of copper onto plasma modified polyimide, the peaks due to carbon atoms C8 and C9 and the oxygen atoms 03 and 04 were reduced in intensity, indicating that new states formed by the plasma treatment were involved in formation of copper-polyimide bonds instead of the remaining intact carbonyl groups. Fig. 28 shows the proposed reaction mechanism between copper and polyimide after mild plasma treatment. 

Another important function of albumin is its ability to bind various ligands. These include free fatty acids (FFA), calcium, certain steroid hormones, bilirubin, and some of the plasma tryptophan. In addition, albumin appears to play an important role in transport of copper in the human body (see below). A vatiety of drugs, including sulfonamides, penicilhn G, dicumarol, and aspirin, are bound to albumin this finding has important pharmacologic implications. 

Adults require 1-2 mg of copper per day, and eliminate excess copper in bile and feces. Most plasma copper is present in ceruloplasmin. In Wilson s disease, the diminished availability of ceruloplasmin interferes with the function of enzymes that rely on ceruloplasmin as a copper donor (e.g. cytochrome oxidase, tyrosinase and superoxide dismutase). In addition, loss of copper-binding capacity in the serum leads to copper deposition in liver, brain and other organs, resulting in tissue damage. The mechanisms of toxicity are not fully understood, but may involve the formation of hydroxyl radicals via the Fenton reaction, which, in turn initiates a cascade of cellular cytotoxic events, including mitochondrial dysfunction, lipid peroxidation, disruption of calcium ion homeostasis, and cell death. 

Single intravenous injection of 80 (jg/kg BW juveniles, 100-300 g in body weight Half-time persistence in plasma was 7.2 min for the short-lived component and 3.2 h for the long-lived component. Plasma copper concentration fell from 1.1 mg/L shortly after administration to about 200 pg/L after 7.5 h 137... 

Chronic copper poisoning in domestic sheep is first characterized by a period of passive accumulation of copper in the tissues. This period varies from a few weeks to more than a year. During this time the animal appears outwardly normal although the liver may contain more than 1000 mg Cu/kg DW and plasma activities of aspartate transaminase, sorbitol dehydrogenase, lactic... 

Stagg, R.M. and T.J. Shuttleworth. 1982. The accumulation of copper in Platichthys flesus L. and its effects on plasma electrolyte concentrations. Jour. Fish Biol. 20 491-500. 

Cows and calves fed low-zinc diets of 25 mg Zn/kg ration showed a decrease in plasma zinc from 1.02 mg/L at start to 0.66 mg/L at day 90 cows fed 65 mg Zn/kg diet had a significantly elevated (1.5 mg Zn/L) plasma zinc level and increased blood urea and plasma proteins (Ram-achandra and Prasad 1989). Biomarkers used to identify zinc deficiency in bovines include zinc concentrations in plasma, unsaturated zinc-binding capacity, ratio of copper to zinc in plasma, and zinc concentrations in other blood factors indirect biomarkers include enzyme activities, red cell uptake, and metallothionein content in plasma and liver (Binnerts 1989). 

Reduction of 30% in milk yield rapid decline in plasma copper milk Mo levels of 1.6 mg/L growth reduction in nursing calves (6) Low liver copper, intestinal disturbances, brittle bones prone to fracture (7)... 

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