Copper, effect

Baldwin et al. demonstrated that the combination of Cul and CsF can significantly enhance the Stille reaction with a large number of examples. The PdCla/PfBus catalytic system with Cul and CsF in DMF is most effective for the coupling of aryl bromides, while [Pd(PPh3)4] in combination with Cul and CsF is optimal when coupling iodides and triflates.  

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Alva, A.K., J.H. Graham, and C.A. Anderson. 1995. Soil pH and copper effects on young Hamlin orange trees. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Jour. 59 481 -487. 

Sandheinrich, M.B. and G.J. Atchison. 1989. Sublethal copper effects on bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, foraging behavior. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46 1977-1985. 

Araki, S. (1992). Auditory event-related potential (P300) in relation to peripheral nerve conduction in workers exposed to lead, zinc, and copper Effects of lead on cognitive function and central nervous system. Amer. J. bid. M (Ed.), 21(4) 39-547. 

The synthesis of pyrone derivatives attracted attention due to their synthetic potential. In an illustrative example Cho and co-workers studied the Suzuki-coupling of 3,5-dibromo-2-pyrone with arylboronic acids (8.9.). Under regular conditions the aryl group is introduced selectively into the more electron deficient 3-position, while in the presence of an equimolar amount of copper(I) iodide the coupling is diverted selectively into the 5-position (N.B. drop of the reaction temperature from 50 °C to ambient temperature negated the effect of copper and led to 3-arylation). The way copper effects the coupling is still unclear, but it was successfully used in the preparation of a range of 5-aryl-2-pyrons.17... 

The rate-enhancing influence of Cu(l) salts (the so-called "Copper Effect") in normally nonproductive and sluggish Stille couplings was first pointed out by Liebeskind et al.6 in 1990. A greater insight into this phenomenon was obtained later by Farina and co-workers.7 A number of modifications of the Stille reaction have since... 

McPherson, C.A. and Chapman, P.M. (2000) Copper effects on potential sediment test organisms the importance of appropriate sensitivity, Marine Pollution Bulletin 40, 656-665. 

Wilson s disease is a pathological accumulation of copper in tissue which is later released into the bloodstream, leading to anaemia, and final accumulation of copper in liver and brain. It is the result of a mutation in the Wilson s disease gene in chromosome 13 which ordinarily codes for a cation transporting ATPase so that copper can be incorporated into ceruloplasmin prior to excretion. Also known as ferroxi-dase, in acknowledgement of its primary function as an oxidoreductase responsible for electron transfer, this enzyme contains iron and, more importantly, six copper atoms. It accounts for the transport of 90% of copper in the plasma so any impairment in its production or efficacy has a major impact on copper homeostasis. The greatly reduced concentration of ceruloplasmin in the blood of Wilson s disease sufferers correlates with their inability to metabolize copper effectively. It leads to chronic liver disease, for which the only real cure is a liver transplant,... 

Andersson, S., Kautsky, L. (1996) Copper effects on reproductive stages of Baltic Sea Fucus vesiculosis. Marine Biology 125 171-176. 

Goonetilleke PC, Roy D. Electrochemical-mechanical planarization of copper effects of chemical additives on voltage controlled removal of surface layers in electrolytes. Materials Chem Phy 2005 94 388-400. 

Fig. 1 shows optical density spectra for the copper effective thickness of 1.36 lO g/cm silver effective thickness of 1.67-10 g/sm. The copper monolayer (curve 1) is characterized by the wide LSPA band with maximum at approximately 810 nm. Light attenuation of the copper sample at the spectral range X < 550-600 nm is connected with an interband absorption. 

Morrell JJ, Freitag CM and Chen H (2005) Sequential treatments with fluoride and copper effects of solution concentration and dipping time on treatment. Forest Products Journal, 55(7/8) 57-62... 

Incorporation of a halogen into 2-silylpyridmes allowed the Hiyama coupling to proceed [110]. It was noted that a significant copper effect existed and that fluoride anion was also necessary for the reaction of 316 with 317 to afford 318. 

Trombley PQ, Horning MS, Blakemore LJ. 1998. Carnosine modulates zinc and copper effects on amino acid receptors and synaptic transmission. Neuroreport 9 3503-3507. 

Garban Z (1994) Zinc and copper effects on deoxyribonucleic acid studied in vitro and in vivo. In Pais I, ed. New Perspectives in the research of Hardly Known Trace Elements, pp. 357-362. University Press of U.H.E.S. Budapest. 

Some other metals, such as iron and copper, effect the decomposition only at high temperatures ... 

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