Copper acute effect

Thiram and other dithiocarbamates are metabolic poisons. The acute effects of thiram are very similar to that of carbon disulfide, supporting the notion that the common metabolite of this compound is responsible for its toxic effects. The exact mechanism of toxicity is still unclear, however it has been postulated that the intracellular action of thiram involves metabolites of carbon disulfide, causing microsome injury and cytochrome P450 disruption, leading to increased heme-oxygenase activity. The intracellular mechanism of toxicity of thiram may include inhibition of monoamine oxidase, altered vitamin Bg and tryptophan metabolism, and cellular deprivation of zinc and copper. It induces accumulation of acetaldehyde in the bloodstream following ethanol or paraldehyde treatment. Thiram inhibits the in vitro conversion of dopamine to noradrenalin in cardiac and adrenal medulla cell preparations. It depresses some hepatic microsomal demethylation reactions, microsomal cytochrome P450 content and the synthesis of phospholipids. Thiram has also been shown to have moderate inhibitory action on decarboxylases and, in fish, on muscle acetylcholinesterases. 

Fox DA, Lewkowski JP, Copper GP. 1977. Acute and chronic effects of neonatal lead exposure on development of the visual evoked response in rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 49 449-461. 

Brown, D.A., S.M. Bay, and G.P. Hershelman. 1990. Exposure of scorpionfish Scorpaena guttata) to cadmium effects of acute and chronic exposures on the cytosolic distribution of cadmium, copper and zinc. Aquat. Toxicol. 16 295-310. 

Olson, K.R. and R.C. Harrel. 1973. Effect of salinity on acute toxicity of mercury, copper, and chromium for Rangia cuneata (Pelecypoda, Mactridae). Contrib. Mar. Sci. 17 9-13. 

In mammals, phenobarbital and phenytoin increase serum ceruloplasmin concentrations (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). Chronic copper poisoning in sheep is exacerbated when diets contain heliotrope plants (Heliotropium sp., Echium spp., Senecio sp.). Aggravated effects of the heliotrope plants include reduced survival and a twofold to threefold increase in liver and kidney copper concentrations when compared to control animals fed copper without heliotropes (Howell et al. 1991). Rats given acutely toxic doses of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-para-dioxin had elevated concentrations of copper in liver and kidney because of impaired biliary excretion of copper (Elsenhans et al. 1991). Morphine increases copper concentrations in the central nervous system of rats, and dithiocarbam-ates inhibit biliary excretion (Aaseth and Norseth 1986). In human patients, urinary excretion of copper is increased after treatment with D-penicillamine, calcium disodium EDTA, or calcium trisodium diethylenetriamine penta acetic acid (Flora 1991). 

Bechmann, R.K. 1994. Use of life tables and LC50 tests to evaluate chronic and acute toxicity effects of copper on the marine copepod Tisbe furcata (Baird). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13 1509-1517. 

Ellenberger, S.A., PC. Baumann, and T.W. May. 1994. Evaluation of effects caused by high copper concentrations in Torch Lake, Michigan, on reproduction of yellow perch. Jour. Great Lakes Res. 20 531-536. Elsenhans, B., W. Forth, and E. Richter. 1991. Increased copper concentrations in rat tissues after acute intoxication with 2, 3, 7, 8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Arch. Toxicol. 65 429-432. 

Heath, A.G. 1991. Effect of water-borne copper on physiological responses of bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) to acute hypoxic stress and subsequent recovery. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 100C 559-564. 

Visviki, L. and J.W. Rachlin. 1994a. Acute and chronic exposure of Dunaliella salina and Chlamydomonas bullosa to copper and cadmium effects on growth. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 26 149-153. 

Copper TT comparison of effects occurring at molecular (DNA profiling) and population (ecological fitness parameters including acute and chronic toxicity) levels for Daphnia magna. I (Atienzar et al., 2001)... 

De Schamphelaere KAC, Janssen CR. 2002. A biotic ligand model predicting acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna the effects of calcium, magnesium, sodium, potassium and pH. Environ Sci Technol 36 48-54. 

Arsenic is a by-product of the smelting of copper, lead, and zinc ores. It has been shown to produce acute and chronic toxic effects, with the trivalent (3+) form as the most toxic. Arsenic has been classified in the EPA s Group A (human carcinogen), and it is regulated by the U.S. government. 

Belanger, S. E, J. L. Farris, and D. S. Cherry. 1989. Effects of diet, water hardness and population source on acute and chronic copper toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 18 601—611. 

De Schamphelaere K., Vasconcelos F., Tack F., Allen H.E., Janssen C. (2004) Effect of dissolved organic matter source on acute copper toxicity to Daphnia magna. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 23(5) 1248-1255. 

The acute toxicity of HCN and cyanide is a consequence of the affinity of these substances for various heavy metals, such as iron or copper, by forming cyano complexes. The effect on cytochromes, which results in an efficient inhibition of respiration, is most important. In addition, numerous other metabolic processes are affected (for a review, see Solomonson, 1981). The lefhal dose of cyanide for humans is considered to be about 1 mg per kg... 

The morphological spectrum may therefore range from steatosis, acute hepatitis, fulminant course, chronic hepatitis, aggressive episodes in chronic hepatitis and liver fibrosis through to micronodular cirrhosis. Complete cirrhosis can already exist in children aged 4-5 years. The development of hepatocellular carcinoma is extremely rare (360) it is assumed that copper has a protective effect against malignant transformation. (391,393)... 

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