Deoxyribonucleic acid study

Garban Z (1994) Zinc and copper effects on deoxyribonucleic acid studied in vitro and in vivo. In Pais I, ed. New Perspectives in the research of Hardly Known Trace Elements, pp. 357-362. University Press of U.H.E.S. Budapest. 

Resonance Raman Spectroscopy. If the excitation wavelength is chosen to correspond to an absorption maximum of the species being studied, a 10 —10 enhancement of the Raman scatter of the chromophore is observed. This effect is called resonance enhancement or resonance Raman (RR) spectroscopy. There are several mechanisms to explain this phenomenon, the most common of which is Franck-Condon enhancement. In this case, a band intensity is enhanced if some component of the vibrational motion is along one of the directions in which the molecule expands in the electronic excited state. The intensity is roughly proportional to the distortion of the molecule along this axis. RR spectroscopy has been an important biochemical tool, and it may have industrial uses in some areas of pigment chemistry. Two biological appHcations include the deterrnination of helix transitions of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) (18), and the elucidation of several peptide stmctures (19). A review of topics in this area has been pubHshed (20). 

No results indicating genotoxicity were observed in in vitro studies that examined six organophosphate ester hydraulic fluids for gene mutation, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) damage, or chromosomal aberrations in eukaryotes (see summarized data in Table 2-11). 

Without recounting the research studies dealing with or formaldehyde under the influence of ultraviolet and gamma rays. These sugars are, as will be detailed later, parts of the most important and absolutely essential materials, ribonucleic and deoxyribonucleic acids (RNA and DNA, respectively), of all living cells and also of viruses. Certain purines and pyrimidines, other essential parts of DNA and RNA, are also reported to have appeared under experimental... 

Avery, O. T., MacLeod, C. M. and McCarty, M. (1944), Studies on the chemical nature of the substance inducing transformation of Pneumococcal types induction of transformation by a deoxyribonucleic acid fraction isolated from Pneumococcus IIP, Journal of Experimental Medicine, 79, 137-157. 

P. Doty, J. Marmur, J. Eigen, and C.E. Schildkraut, Strand separation and specific recombination in deoxyribonucleic acids physical chemical studies. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 46, 461-476 (1960). 

A detailed discussion of the modes of occurrence and biological importance of the polynucleotides is outside the scope of this article. However, in examining the structures of polynucleotides, it is necessary to take into consideration the origins of the materials studied. The pioneer researches of Caspersson114 indicated that deoxyribonucleic acids are present exclusively in the nucleus, whereas ribonucleic acids are found chiefly in the cytoplasm and only to a small extent in the nucleus. This general outline of the distribution of nucleic acids within the cell has been confirmed and extended by more recent work,116 and it has been possible to isolate both types of nucleic acid from different cellular fractions of the same tissue.116... 

Deoxyribonucleic acid footprinting studies have shown that HMG domains A and B inhibit cleavage by nucleases over a 12- to 15-base-pair region centered around the platinum adduct (81). The HMG proteins can modulate cisplatin cytotoxicity by inhibition of the excinuclease-mediated removal of Pt-d(GpG) adducts from DNA (82). However, this hypothesis has been questioned because there is no evidence for cellular protein shielding of Pt-d(GpG) adducts from repair enzymes (83). 

Ti values may occur with such native biopolymers as ribonuclease A, deoxyribonucleic acid, and collagen, whose molecular motions are restricted, but, as yet, high values have not been observed for polysaccharides in solution, or for gels, in which these motional-restriction effects may be equivalent, or less marked. However, an extensive relaxation-study by Levy and coworkers68 on poly(n-alkyl methacrylates) may serve as a model for future experiments on polysaccharides, as this type of molecule has a main chain and side chains, albeit more mobile than those in polysaccharides. 

A single oral dose of 1 mg CN /kg as potassium cyanide did not inhibit testicular deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)-synthesis in mice (Friedman and Staub 1976). Other genotoxicity studies are discussed in Section 2.5. 

Burton K (1956) A study of the conditions and mechanism of the diphenylamine reaction for the colorimetric estimation of deoxyribonucleic acid. Biochem. 62 315-323. 

M. Schnarr, M. Durand, and J. C. Maurizot, Nonspecific interaction of the lac repressor headpiece with deoxyribonucleic acid Fluorescence and circular dichroism studies, Biochemistry 22, 3563-3570 (1983). 

Our studies have shown that cotton dust extracts contain deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) (27). DNA is present in varying concentrations in cardroom cotton dust (28) and emanates from bacteria, fungi, protozoa and plant cells. DNA might be important in the pathogenesis of byssinosis, as minute amounts can cause complement conversion. 

A second major area of biochemical importance concerns study of nucleotide polymerization to produce ribonucleic acids (RNA) and deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA). Genes, the basis for inherited characteristics, are contained in DNA double-helical sections incorporated into coiled and supercoiled DNA structures. Genomics, the study of the total genetic assemblage of any species, is now a well-known topic to all, especially with the announcement of the sequencing of the human genome in 2001. More information on this topic is given in Section 2.3.6. 

Genotoxic effects have been reported in animals treated with 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine. A single dose of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine (1,000 mg/kg) administered to male and pregnant female mice induced micronuclei in polychromatic erythrocytes in the bone marrow of the males and in the liver of the fetuses, but not in bone marrow of the dams (Cihak and Vontorkova 1987). A micronucleus test is performed to detect a chemical s ability to induce chromosomal aberrations. However, the relevance of micronuclei formation to human health is not known. The reason for the lack of effect of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine on bone marrow micronuclei formation in the mothers is unclear, but it may be related to deficiencies in the metabolic activation of 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine in female mice. The relative importance of pregnancy is unknown since the study did not evaluate nonpregnant females. In another study, an increase in unscheduled deoxyribonucleic acid synthesis (UDS) was observed in cultured liver cells from male mice previously pretreated orally with single doses of 500 mg/kg 3,3 -dichlorobenzidine no response was observed at a dose of 200 mg/kg (Ashby and Mohammed 1988). 

Study did not specify which positional isomer of 1,3-DNB was used. DNA= deoxyribonucleic acid NA= not applicable - = negative result + result... 

Herbert HE, HaUs MD, Hratchian HP, Raghavachari K. Hydrogen-bonding interactions in peptide nucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid a comparative study. J Phys Chem B 2006 110 3336-3343. 

SRI 15 Ondrizek, R. R., P. ]. Chen, W. C. Patton, and A. King. An alternative medicine study of herbal effects on penetration of zonea-free hamster oocytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic acid. Fertil Steril 1999 71(3) 517-522. 

In vivo genotoxicity studies of PBBs in animals are summarized in Table 3-4. Administration of single oral doses between 50 and 1,000 mg of FireMaster FF-l/kg (purity not reported) by gavage in com oil to male and female B6C3F1 mice and male Fischer-344 rats did not induce unscheduled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) synthesis in hepatocytes (Mirsalis et al. 1985, 1989). However, doses 200 mg/kg significantly... 

The sequences of the amino acids in the chains from which proteins are constructed are encoded in the nucleotide sequences of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The coding sequence for a protein in the DNA is found in the structural gene for that protein. The RNA enzymes are also encoded by DNA genes. A fourth major theme of the book deals with the nature of the genetic code used in DNA and with the processes by which cells read and interpret the code. It also includes study of the methods by which thousands of genes have been mapped to specific positions in chromosomes, isolated, cloned, and sequenced. 

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