Behavior foraging

Arnold, S. J., 1980, The microevolution of feeding behavior, Foraging Behavior Ecological, Ethological and Psychological Perspectives, ... 

Mood and hedonic value associated with feeding, food intake, foraging, consummatory behaviors, and craving in addiction complex regulation by food entrainable oscillators in the brain and periphery, neuropeptides (including orexins) and biogenic amines. 

At a more subtle level, behavioral disturbances may make it more difficult for animals to find food. Pyrethroids, carbamates, OPs, and neonicotinoids can disturb the foraging activity of bees (Thompson 2003). Interestingly, effects have been shown upon the wagtail dance of bees, and this disrupts communication between individuals as to the location of nectar-bearing plants. Also, the neonicotinoid imidacloprid has been shown to adversely affect conditioned responses such as proboscis extension of honeybees (Guez et al. 2001). Nicotinoids can disturb the functioning of cholinergic synapses, which are involved in the operation of the proboscis reflex as... 

Webber HM, Haines TA. 2003. Mercury effects on predator avoidance behavior of a forage fish, golden shiner (Notemigonus ctysoleucas). Environ Toxicol Chem 22 1556-1561. 

Sandheinrich, M.B. and G.J. Atchison. 1989. Sublethal copper effects on bluegill, Lepomis macrochirus, foraging behavior. Canad. Jour. Fish. Aquat. Sci. 46 1977-1985. 

Bending, G.D. Read, D.J. 1995. The Structure and Function of the Vegetative Mycelium of Ectomycorrhizal Plants. 5. Foraging Behavior and Translocation of Nutrients from Exploited Litter. New Phytologist, 130.3, 401-09. 

Psychoactive plants have been a part of human life since our beginning. Our first experiences with them probably came from foraging among plants for food. Through trial-and-error learning and behavioral reinforcement, experience has shaped our use of herbal drugs. Similarly,... 

They think locally and act locally, but their collective action produces global behavior. Take the relationship between foraging and colony size. Harvester ants constantly adjust the number of ants actively foraging for food, based on a number of variables overall colony size (and thus mouths needed to be fed) amount of food stored in the nest amount of food available in the surrounding area even the presence of other colonies... 

Bradbury, J. W. and Vehrencamp, S. L. (1977). Social organization and foraging in embal-lonuridbats. Ill-IV. Behavioral Ecology 2,1-29. 

Intake may be negatively correlated with residues due to repellency or avoidance positive relation between insect abundance and decision to use insecticide negative relation between use of insecticide and subsequent insect abundance positive relation between insect abundance and bird foraging behavior... 

Variability refers to observed differences in a population or parameter attributable to true heterogeneity (Brusle 1991). It is the result of natural random or stochastic processes and stems from, for example, environmental, lifestyle, and genetic differences. Examples include variation between individuals in pesticide sensitivity and foraging behavior (e.g., time spent foraging in the agroenvironment) and between locations (e.g., soil type, climate, chemical concentration). 

The time individuals spend foraging in helds and held edges is expected to be variable, but data are scant. The foraging behavior variables are treated as random variables with large uncertainty. 

Studies on the noradrenergic axis in nonhuman primates provide evidence that early environmental stressors may provoke biological and behavioral phenocopies of human clinical anxiety states. We have used the primate model of developmental psychopathology pioneered by Rosenblum et al. (1991) to explore this issue. Nonhuman primates who were reared as infants by mothers undergoing environmental stress induced by unpredictable or variable foraging demand (VFD-reared) conditions were compared with nonhuman primates reared as infants by mothers exposed to predictable (either low [LFD-reared] or high [HFD-reared]) foraging demand conditions. 

The significance of such spatial arrays lies in the behavioral responses of insects foraging in these trees. If certain leaf types are unavailable while others are preferred, then such spatial arrays force insects to move about in search of good feeding sites (29). For insects which spend much time (or all of their lives) feeding in one place (sessile species, such as aphids), this search is performed once after a suitcible site is located, these insects are restricted to one portion of their... 

Du, Y. J., Poppy, G. M. and Powell, W. (1996). Relative importance of semiochemicals from first and second trophic levels in host foraging behavior of Aphidius ervi. Journal of Chemical Ecology 22 1591-1605. 

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