Copolymerization with /-butyl methacrylate

The effect of hydrophobicity of the polymer on the permeability of poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA)-co-methacrylic acid (MAAc) hydrogels was studied [12], The hydrophobicity was controlled by copolymerization with butyl methacrylate (BMA). The dependence of permeability on pH increased as the hydrophobicity increased even though the rate of diffusion decreased. Cross-link density of the hydrogel also contributed to pH-dependent permeability. 

A similar approach was used in Ref. 103) to obtain the fat-soluble derivatives of heparin by its copolymerization with butyl methacrylate or vinyllaurate and to get high-molecular products with a molecular mass of over 200000 by homopolymerization of the unsaturated heparin derivative. The products were used as thromboresistant... 

Further improvements of the FeX2(PRs)2 catalyst were achieved by screening of the phosphine coligand as well as the halogen ligand. The introduction of more basic ligands, such as PMe(Ph)2 and n-Bu3P, in place of PPhj (Fe-3) improved both the activity and controllability of the MMA polymerization. In particular, Fe-3 in conjunction with a bromide initiator allowed a faster and more controlled polymerization of MMA (M /Mn 1.2) and block copolymerization with butyl methacrylate (BMA). 

AH-acryHc (100%) latex emulsions are commonly recognized as the most durable paints for exterior use. Exterior grades are usuaHy copolymers of methyl methacrylate with butyl acrylate or 2-ethyIhexyl acrylate (see Acrylic ester polymers). Interior grades are based on methyl methacrylate copolymerized with butyl acrylate or ethyl acrylate. AcryHc latex emulsions are not commonly used in interior flat paints because these paints typicaHy do not require the kind of performance characteristics that acryHcs offer. However, for interior semigloss or gloss paints, aH-acryHc polymers and acryHc copolymers are used almost exclusively due to their exceUent gloss potential, adhesion characteristics, as weU as block and print resistance. 

In a related study this group also demonstrated the use of non-volatile solvents in CEC-MS without compromising the quality of spectra that has also been demonstrated using polymer-based monolithic column prepared by in situ copolymerization of butyl methacrylate with sulfonic acid functionalities. 

By means of the spatially intermittent reactor, Ito and O Driscoll determined, for example, the absolute rate constant of termination, fct, for methyl methacrylate copolymerization with butyl or dodecyl methacrylate. The value of /ct is a function of the monomer mixture composition [89]. 

The MMA copolymerization with butyl and isobutyl methacrylates or 2,3-epoxypropyl-acrylate has been described U3). In Table 1.4, MMA shows a higher reactivity than its comonomers and the results disagree with literature data. The medium (nature and concentration of the alcohol) influences the monomers reactivity through the solubility, depending on the copolymer nature. The curves, giving the copolymer composition as a function of yield, are only workable when the medium is homogeneous (e.g., with a copolymer of a high MMA content). 

Branched acrylic polymers based upon the copolymerization of acrylates and related monomers with methacrylate macromonomers are particularly useful in waterborne coatings. A macromonomer based upon isobutyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, and 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate was copolymerized with butyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, meth-acrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, and styrene.518 After neutralization with dimethylethanolamine or inorganic bases, the polymer could be cross-linked with melamine resin on a metal surface. These systems may be used for either pigmented layers or clear coats. 

Incorporation of monomers with similar characteristics to the hydrophobic tails of the surfactants involved (typically alkane chains of DODAB and DMPC) tends to suppress phase separation somewhat, and results in either multi-polymer bead aggregates (e.g., necklaces) or parachutes containing an elliptical rather than a spherical latex bead. Copolymerization of butyl methacrylate with ethylene glycol dimethacrylate in DODAB vesicles resulted in polymer necklaces where the polymer beads appear randomly dispersed in the vesicle bilayer [15] in contrast to the polymer shells observed by Hotz and Meier [10] for the same reaction in DODAC vesicles. Similarly, polymerization of octadecylacry-late, another straight-chain monomer, in DODAB vesicles produced parachutes with extremely elHpsoidal polymer beads in contrast to the rather spherical beads observed commonly for the polymerization of aromatic monomers such as styrene in DODAB [12]. Presumably these differences are caused by an increased compatibility between the surfactant bilayer and the monomer chosen. 

Some recent NMR studies on the copolymerization of allyl acetate with methyl methacrylate, butyl acrylate, and styrene reported their reactivity ratios (cf Table IXb) [65]. The reported error terms, if we assume them to be standard deviations, are quite large with respect to the ri term. Therefore it is problematic whether these numbers are really meaningful. It would seem to us that the large f-2 terms imply that substantially only homopolymers of these three vinyl monomers form. This situation is modified in the case of allyl methacrylate or allyl acrylate copolymers, as will be mentioned below. With these acrylic derivatives, copolymerization depends on the acrylic bonds primarily with modifications due to the allylic hydrogen. Subsequently, the allylic units in a copolymer of allyl methacrylate with butyl methacrylate, for example, will be the sites for crosslinking. 

Combination of both water-soluble and oil-soluble initiators has also been used in miniemulsion polymerization. Choi et al. ° successfully used both water-soluble potassium persulfate and oil-soluble 2,2 -azobis-(2-methyl butyronitrile) initiators in the miniemulsion polymerization of styrene. Ghazaly et al." used both water-soluble and oil-soluble initiators in the copolymerization of -butyl methacrylate with cross-linking monomers. Variations in the particle morphologies were found between the water-soluble and oil-soluble initiators, depending on the hydrophobicity of the cross-linking monomer. 

Fig. 22 CuBr-HMTETA-silica gel packed column reactor for the atom transfer radical block copolymerization of MMA with butyl methacrylate ( BMA) initiated by methyl a-bromoacetate...

Mizutani and Hirashima obtained by conventional radical polymerization a photosensitive resin using methacrylic acid, butyl acrylate, and a new phosphorus-containing allyl monomer (Scheme 3.20). To create the new monomer, they treated 9,10-dihydro-9-oxa-10-phosphaphenanthrene (DOPO) with allyl methacrylate at high temperature. By copolymerization with butyl acrylate, they obtained a photosensitive resin that showed good fire resistance. 

Sharma S., Srivastava A.K., Free radical copolymerization of limonene with butyl methacrylate Synthesis and characterization, Lndian J. Chem. Technol, 12(1), 2005, 62-67. 

Chromophores with indole and nitrobenzene push pull groups were reacted with methacroyl chloride and acryloyl chloride. The resultant acrylic monomers were then copolymerized with methyl methacrylate and butyl acrylate to yield photorefraetive acylic copolymers that can be illustrated as follows... 

Figure 9 shows the results of the final polymerization of methyl methacrylate at 120 C initiated with AIBN in the presence of different thioethers as chain transfer agents. While the low molecular weight thioether (di-tert-butyl sulfide) reduces the final conversion by about 2% as compared with the thioether free system, 2-ethyl mercaptoethyl methacrylate which copolymerizes with methyl methacrylate has only a moderate effect ( 0.5%). Influences of these thioethers on the initial course of the polymerization were not observed, at least not at the concentrations used in this work. 

Xu and Chen [32] prepared two polymerizable surfactants, sodium 4-((o-acryloyloxyalkyl)oxy benzene sulfonate with the alkyl chain length equal to 8 or 10, and used them to stabilize the semibatch emulsion copolymerization of butyl methacrylate. A redox initiator system of ammonium persulfate and tetramethylethylenediamine was used to start the polymerization at room temperature. The latex particle size increases continuously, whereas the number of particles per unit volume of water remains relatively constant with the progress of polymerization. This is attributed to the predominant micellar nucleation mechanism. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy data show that polymerizable surfactant molecules are preferably located near the latex particle surface layer. 

Free radical copolymerization of methyl methacrylate and styrene as well as butyl methacrylate with styrene or isoprene in toluene under microwave irradiation (monomode microwave reactor) has also been carried out (Fellows, 2005). However, no changes in reactivity ratios were observed although more detailed studies were required for the copolymerization of butyl methacrylate and isoprene. The microwave-assisted polymerization procedure accelerated the polymerizations by a factor of 1.7, may be due to an increase in radical flux. It was proposed that the increased radical flux under microwave irradiation is due to rapid orientation of the radicals that are formed from decomposition of the azoisobutyronitrile. This orientation would reduce the number of direct terminations by recombination of the two radical fragments under microwave irradiation and thus, cause a higher radical flux. 

Kondo maintained his interest in this area, and with his collaborators [62] he recently made detailed investigations on the polymerization and preparation of methyl-4-vinylphenyl-sulfonium bis-(methoxycarbonyl) meth-ylide (Scheme 27) as a new kind of stable vinyl monomer containing the sulfonium ylide structure. It was prepared by heating a solution of 4-methylthiostyrene, dimethyl-diazomalonate, and /-butyl catechol in chlorobenzene at 90°C for 10 h in the presence of anhydride cupric sulfate, and Scheme 27 was polymerized by using a, a -azobisi-sobutyronitrile (AIBN) as the initiator and dimethylsulf-oxide as the solvent at 60°C. The structure of the polymer was confirmed by IR and NMR spectra and elemental analysis. In addition, this monomeric ylide was copolymerized with vinyl monomers such as methyl methacrylate (MMA) and styrene. 

Glycidyl methacrylate (purity 98 %) was purchased fiom Aldrich. Ionic liquids based on 1-n-ethyl-3-methyliinidazolium (EMIm), l-n-butyl-3-methylimidazolium (BMhn), 1-n-hexyl-3-methylimidaJ5Dlium (HMhn) with dififeent anions such as CT, BF4", PFg wo e prepared according to the procedures reported previously. Copolymerization of glycidyl methacrylate (GMA) and CO2 were carried out in a 50 mL stainless steel autoclave equipped with a... 

With regards to the copolymerization, a recent kineuc study by Gruber and KneU (10 has indicated that styrene n-butyl methacrylate obeys the cla ical kinetic theory with regards to composition and sequence length to complete conversion. This theory is applied to high conversion to charau terize copolymer samples for GPC analysis. 

Uses Copolymerized with methyl acrylate, methyl methacrylate, vinyl acetate, vinyl chloride, or 1,1-dichloroethylene to produce acrylic and modacrylic fibers and high-strength fibers ABS (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene) and acrylonitrile-styrene copolymers nitrile rubber cyano-ethylation of cotton synthetic soil block (acrylonitrile polymerized in wood pulp) manufacture of adhesives organic synthesis grain fumigant pesticide monomer for a semi-conductive polymer that can be used similar to inorganic oxide catalysts in dehydrogenation of tert-butyl alcohol to isobutylene and water pharmaceuticals antioxidants dyes and surfactants. 

PolylStyrene co-n-Butyl Methacrylate) Fractionation. OC was developed with the particular idea of elucidating the kinetics of the free radical copolymerization of styrene n-butyl methacrylate. Thus, this polymer provided the main focus of the work. 

A polystyrene with a functionality such as a methacrylate group copolymerized with a mixture of ethyl and butyl acrylate should yield a graft structure meeting the criteria of a thermoplastic elastomer as shown in Figure 13. The data in this figure show that as the MACROMER content is increased, the tensile... 

One of the first detailed studies on these systems was that of Beaman (26), who showed that methacrylonitrile polymerizes by an anionic chain mechanism when treated with various bases, including Na in liquid ammonia at —75° C. He noted also that low molecular weight polymers are obtained from reaction of acrylonitrile with butylmagnesium bromide. Foster (56) extended the liquid ammonia method to copolymerization studies in which acrylonitrile was combined with styrene, with methyl methacrylate and with vinyl butyl sulfone. Satisfactory data were obtained only with the sulfone, in which case there was some tendency for alternation. 

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