Ceramic lining

The combustor is assembled of flanged, spool-shaped water-cooled metal components, each with its own water-cooling circuit and pressure shell. No ceramic linings are used. Gas pressure is contained by stainless steel outer shells and the internal surfaces subject to high heat fluxes are lined with low alloy water-cooled panels. 

Enclosed flares are composed of multiple gas burner heads placed at ground level in a staeklike enclosure that is usually refractory or ceramic lined. Many flares are equipped with automatic damper controls that regulate the supply of combustion air depending on temperature which is monitored upstream of the mixing, but inside the staek. This class of flare is becoming the standard in the industry due to its ability to more effectively eontrol emissions. Requirements on emissions includes carbon monoxide limits and minimal residence time and temperature. Exhaust gas temperatures may vary from 1,000 to 2,000 F. 

Very rapid reaction occurs between molten aluminium and iron. This leads to rapid alloying and increased dross formation. A ceramic-lined container is desirable. 

Figure 17.26. Reactor for hydrofining diesel oils, with ceramic lining (Sukhanov, Petroleum Processing, Mir, Moscow, 1982).

Vapor-phase nitration of paraffin hydrocarbons, particularly propane, can be brought about by uncatalyzed contact between a large excess of hydrocarbon and nitric acid vapor at around 400°C, followed by quenching. A multiplicity of nitrated and oxidized products results from nitrating propane nitromethane, nitroethane, nitropropanes, and carbon dioxide all appear, but yields of useful products are fair. Materials of construction must be very oxidation-resistant and are usually of ceramic-lined steel. The nitroparaffins have found limited use as fuels for race cars, submarines, and model airplanes. Their reduction products, the amines, and other hydroxyl compounds resulting from aldol condensations have made a great many new aliphatic syntheses possible because of their ready reactivity. 

Two flat flame burners have been employed, a 4 cm 10 cm burner with a ceramic-lined chimney for NO measurements (4) and a 2.6 cm x 8.6 cm open-faced burner with a nitrogen shroud flow for CO measurements. Both burners operate at atmospheric pressure with laminar, premixed methane-air mixtures. These burners work satisfactorily over a broad range of fuel-air equivalence ratios, but both have cold boundary regions which cause non-uniform conditions along the optical axis that can be important in the data analysis (4). 

Fig. 17. The concept of centrifugal process for production of ceramic-lined steel pipes (Adapted from Odawara and Ikeuchi, 1986).

Li, J., Zhou, M., and Wang, J., The study of microstnicture of porous ceramic-lined pipes made by centrifugal SHS. Proceedings of the 3rd International Symposium on Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis (Book of Abstracts), Wuhan, China, 48 (1995). 

Odawara, O., Long ceramic-lined pipes produced by a centrifugal-thermite process. J. Am. Ceram. Soc., 73,629 (1990). 

Odawara, O., Method for providing ceramic lining to a hollow body by thermite reaction. U.S. Patent 4363832(1982). 

A flow reactor is used for the production of synthesis gas, CO + H2, by direct oxidation of methane and other hydrocarbons in the presence of steam. Preheated streams are mixed and react in a flow nozzle. Burning and quenching are performed in different zones of a ceramic-lined tower. 

Some ash and elutriated bed media particles are removed by settling in the horizontal pass, and the cyclone located downstream of the horizontal pass provides additional particle separation. Gas and small particles not separated by the cyclone are discharged into a vertical ceramic-lined exhaust duct drawing laboratory air for dilution and cooling. When the reactor is functioning as a gasifier, the product gas is flared in the duct at the cyclone stack. 

First, there is a metal shell, generally made of carbon steel, which must provide a rigid leakproof elastic casing to support the ceramic lining, the possible stresses resulting from its growth, thermal stresses, the contents of the vessel and other static and dynamic loadings that will be imposed upon the vessel when it is placed in service. 

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