Content of chlorine

Tap water has been analyzed by the method proposed. Total content of chlorine and chloramines in water makes up. 0.12 0.02 mg/L which is less than maximum contaminant level. Standai d deviation does not exceed 0.15. 

Fig. 3-6. Chlorine contents of chlorinated hydrocarbon polymers. Absorptio-metric results compared with those from conventional analyses. Crosses = experimental values dots = calculated values. (Liebhafsky, Smith, Tanis, and Winslow, Anal. Chem., 19, 861.)...

An anaerobic bacterial enrichment cnltnre was used to examine the dechlorination of 2,3,4,5-tetrachlorobiphenyl that prodnced 2,3,5-trichlorobiphenyl exclusively. Although there was no alteration in the valnes of 5 C, compound-specific analysis of Arochlor 1268 showed that there was a trend for decreasing C abundance with increasing content of chlorine. This is consistent with dechlorination of the congeners with more chlorine substituents. 

A mixture of hydrogen and chlorine gas, eventually in combination with air, can be very explosive if one of the components exceeds certain limits. In chlorine production plants, based on the electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions, there is always a production of hydrogen. It is, therefore, essential to be aware of the actual hydrogen content of chlorine gas process streams at any time. There are several places in the chlorine production process where the hydrogen content in the chlorine gas can accumulate above the explosion limits. Within the chloralkali industry, mainly two types of processes are used for the production of chlorine—the mercury- and the membrane-based electrolysis of sodium chloride solutions (brine). 

Fig. 16.11 Oxygen content of chlorine versus anolyte pH of the latest KU single-element generation (accumulated over more than one year of operation).

Spike and bench-scale tests were performed in order to size the pilot test. For this purpose, soil samples of about 10kg each and groundwater samples (about 5kg each) were retrieved/collected both during and after the installation of the test wells in, respectively, sealed plastic bags and glass containers, and these were preserved under refrigeration. The samples were analysed for content of chlorinated solvents, sulphates, nitrates and metals (baseline analysis). 

Tang, W.Z. and Huang, C.P, Effect of chlorine content of chlorinated phenols on their oxidation kinetics by Fenton s reagent, Chemosphere, 33(8), 1621-1635, 1996b. 

The weight ratio of the water and etherified product sent into the tower should be 1 10. During the hydrolytic condensation the mixture is sampled to determine the content of chlorine, butoxyl and hydroxyl groups and the flush water is tested for acidity. The finished product should have not more than 2% of chlorine, 15% of butoxyl groups and 3% of hydroxyl groups. If the chlorine content is above the norm, the product is subjected to repeated hydrolytic condensation. 

The BP process [7] is based on a sand fluidized-bed pyrolysis reactor. The cracking temperature is kept at 400-600°C. Low-molecular hydrocarbons can be obtained. The process mainly involves converting waste plastics into normal linear hydrocarbons, the average molecular weight of which is 300-500. Most plastics can be treated by this process. Polyolefins are decomposed into small molecules with the same linear structure. PS is converted into styrene monomers and PET into mixture of hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. A maximum of 2% PVC is allowed in this process, and the content of chlorine in the products is lower than 5 ppm. The distribution of alkene products in this process is like that in petroleum pyrolysis. The BP process was industrialized in 1997. 

As their name implies, chlorinated paraffins are chlorinated derivatives of paraffinic hydrocarbons. They are referred to in this review as polychlorinated alkanes (PCAs) because they are produced by chlorination of n-alkane feedstocks. Commercial PCA mixtures fall into different categories C10-C13 (short), C 4-C17 (medium) and C2o-C30 (long). These mixtures are further subcategorized into their weight content of chlorine 40-50%, 50-60%, and 60-70% [1,2]. Knowledge of the environmental chemistry of PCAs is needed because the physical properties of short and medium chain mixtures are similar to those of the... 

Dioxin measurements in flue gas and fly ash have been done for fuels with high content of chlorine. No dioxin has been detected in these measurements. 

Single OCL substances were formd in strongly varying ranges. So DDT, HCB and -HCH were found much more than Aldrin/Dieldrin, heptachlor and other HCH-isomeres (tab. III).Further it corrld be shown that the characteristics and amounts are different in different regions (tab.lV). There was no incident that the size of sewage plants has any influence on the contents of chlorinated hydrocarbons in sewage. 

While the levels of chlorinated hydrocarbons in Rhine sediments are relatively low and do not induce intolerable high concentrations in the consumable products, sometimes, pesticides and byproducts of the synthesis thereof have been dumped in certain harbour areas dredged materials originating from these areas and in use for agriculture, gave rise to intolerable contents of chlorinated hydrocarbons in potatoes and carrots. 

Today, commerical CP formulations are synthesized by the crude chlorination of -alkane feedstocks with molecular chlorine under forcing conditions, e.g., high temperatures and/or UV irradiation. The extent and conditions of the chlorination employed ultimately depend on the desired application [1,3]. Because the n-alkane feedstocks are derived from petroleum fractions, the end product is a mixture of carbon chain lengths and chlorination. Commercial CP mixtures fall into three categories C10-C13 (short), C14-C17 (medium), and C20-C30 Gong). The mixtures are further subcategorized on the basis of their weight content of chlorine 40-50%, 50-60%, and 60-70%. 

Fig. 4. Glass transition temperature dependence on the EBBA content for PC-EBBA system (curve 1). For comparison the plots Tg vs. contents of chlorinated terphenyl, chlorinated diphenyl and dibutyl phthalate in PC also are presented (curves 2, 3 and 4 respectively).

Properties of CPE are related to the content of chlorine. Traditionally, CPE containing 36% chlorine was used (and it is still used today) because of its better elasticity and less compatibility with PVC. More recently, CPE containing 25% chlorine is used because it promotes faster fusion and enhances the melt strength of the formulation. Faster fusion permits the partial or complete elimination of oxidized polyethylene, which is frequently used as fusion promoter. CPE has similar vulnerabilities to PVC, therefore regular PVC thermal stabilizers also stabilize CPE without a need to include special stabilizers. " ... 

In swimming pools, the water may have high contents of chlorine and chloride, which may cause discolouring of 18-9 steel, and therefore Mo-alloyed steels are often used and particularly recommended for purification and heating systems. 

According to the recommendation of American Concrete Institute the content of chlorine in cement should be as follows 0.06% for the pre-stressed concrete, 0.10 % for the reinforced concrete stracture in humid environment, exposed to the external attack of chlorides, 0.15% for the concrete in the same conditions but without chlorides access. There are no restrictions for the dry reinforced concrete without contact with the ground. 

Polyvinylchloride is very popular in flame resistant applications because of its intrinsic protection due to its high content of chlorine (57%). At the same time, PVC is a rigid material and requires plasticizers to produce flexible articles. Addition of plasticizers reduces chlorine content and some form of enhancement of flame retardancy is required. Chloroparaffins were commonly used as secondary plasticizers due to their very high chlorine content (up to 70%) but some chloroparaffins are now on the hsts of restricted... 

Here, we present the example of a measurement of flue gases from a boiler/incinerator unit of a paper mill, containing HCl amongst other gases. HCl emission depends mostly on the content of chlorine in the fuel (Linnerud et al., 1998). The boiler/incinerator unit, at the heart of this example, is designed to bum municipal waste and other... 

As stated earlier, the concentration of HCl in the flue gas depends mostly on the content of chlorine in the fuel, and as such is not expected to exhibit significant variations related to process-control parameters. Indeed, this is observed in the measurements, where no apparent correlation between the concentration of HCl and the other two gases can be identified (lower data panel in Figure 8.11). 

It is possible to neutralize the invading OH ions in the membrane process by addition of hydrochloric acid into the anode compartment and to decrease the pH value down to 2. Then, hypochlorite and chlorate formation is stopped, and the oxygen content in the anode gas is reduced to 0.5 vol.%. No OH ions are formed within the electrolysis cell of the amalgam process so that the oxygen content of chlorine gas is less than 1 vol.%. 

Now the world elastomeric market consists of the natural rubber (NR) -40% and S5mthetic rubbers - 60%. According to forecasts of experts the tendency of increase in a share of NR is observed. It is supposed that by 2015-2020 its share will make 50%. For the purpose of expansion of a scope of natural mbber manufacturing of NR with the content of chlorine from 0.5 to 15% is of interest since it is known that such content of halogen doesn t worsen flexural properties of rubber. 

At room temperature and at NO concentrations of 5.4 x to 5.4 x 10 mol l , the characteristics of PE, PP, polyacrylonitrile and polymethylmethacrylate are changed only slightly even if they simultaneously undergo the combined action of NO, O2 and UV radiation [4]. Reactions of NO with polyvinylchloride and polyvinyl fluoride resulted in a slight decrease in the content of chlorine and fluorine atoms, respectively [1,4]. 

In the determination, increasing content of chlorine water is added to the water sample 10 min later, potassium iodine is added. According to the following equation, a stoichiometric amount of iodine is liberated from the sample in the case of chlorine excess ... 

Table 6.22 Content of chlorines in KNO3 and Ba(N03)2 (mass fraction of Cl/%)...

The effect of chlorines on the performances of catalyst. How to increase the activity at low temperatures is one of the most important issues for ruthenium catalyst. The study has shown that the existence of chlorines has great effect on the activity at low temperatures as Table 6.23 shows. It is seen from Table 6.23 that when the content of chlorines is 4.57%, the activity of catalyst is very low. Therefore, the effect of the chlorines on activity of catalyst is larger at low temperatures than that at high temperatures. For example, the content of chlorines decreases from 4.57% to 0.10%, the catalytic activity increases from 6.82% to 20.23% which is enhanced by 13.41% at 375°C, while from 13.74% to 22.81% at 400°C which is enhanced by only 9.07%. It is shown that the less the remnant chlorines in the catalyst, the higher the activity of the catalyst at low temperatures. Therefore, although the content of chlorines is very small after reduced by H2, it has great effect on activity of the catalyst at low temperatures. The clarification of the toxic effect of chlorine will be beneficial to further increase the activity of catalyst at low temperatures. 

The chlorines in the catalyst are removed effectively when catalyst of Ru/Si02 is washed by hot deionized water and the content of chlorines decreased with increasing of washing times (shown in Table 6.29). 

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