Operational closure

Lee, G.F. and Jones-Lee, A., Superfund Site Remediation by Landfilling—Overview of Landfill Design, Operation, Closure and Postclosure Care Issues, G. Fred Lee Associates, www.gfredlee.com, July 2004. 

Impact prediction should cover all project alternatives selected at scoping (either spatial or technological) and project phases (construction, operation, closure and postclosure are the main subdivisions). Moreover, exposure assessment should cover both normal operation and accidental conditions. 

Although the Army anticipates procuring equipment, systems, and tools that are unique to closure operations, closure planning documents made available to the committee addressed this issue in a cursory way (U.S. Army, 2000c). Section 3.3 of the decommissioning plan simply states a requirement for vendor contracts and engineering guidance. WDC said, however, that it has a very extensive and sophisticated company procurement manual (O Shea, 2000). Because of the importance of materiel procurement, the Army should insist on full disclosure of the contractor process, and all interested parties must understand and... 

The notion of imparting its own rules draws an equivalence between biological autonomy and auto referentiality (Varela et al, 1991 Varela, 2000). In turn, auto-referentiality is related to the concept of operational closure. This is a process of circular and reflexive interdependency, whose primary effect is its own production. Operational closure must not be viewed as a lack of contact with the environment -as already stressed, any living system must be seen as an open system. The relation between autopoiesis, autonomy, and self referentiality is treated in the specialized literature, see for example Marks-Tarlow et al. (2001) and Weber (2002). 

Significant amounts of secondary wastes are generated at each site as a result of operations, and additional quantities of wastes will be generated during closure operations. Closure wastes will be discussed separately in Chapter 4. In Chapter 3, the secondary wastes generated as a result of operations are identified by type, followed by a discussion of the challenges faced by each site. 

X-4X Waste (unless otherwise noted) Operations Closure ... 

With a batch process, such as hot isostatic compaction (HIP), heat exchange as used in a continuous reactor is not possible, and it is common practice to provide a furnace within the pressure vessel which is thermally insulated to ensure that the temperature of the vessel does not rise above 300°C. Most HIP operations involve gas pressures in the range 70—200 MPa (10—29,000 psi) and temperatures of 1250—2000°C, occasionally 2250°C (74). The pressure vessel may have a bore diameter from 27 to 1524 mm (75) and is nearly always provided with threaded closures sealed with O-rings made of elastomer provided the temperature is low enough. 

The economic importance of an ore deposit itself is largely affected by mineral or metal prices. Mine closures and reopenings are a common event in the mineral iadustry for this reason. Economics can also be affected by the ore composition, for example, by unacceptable levels of penalty elements ia the ore. The assessment of overall economics of exploiting a given ore deposit is similar to that for any large-scale industry. The various cost components are those associated with equipment, labor, utiUties, contingencies, operation and production, transportation, working capital, suppHes, maintenance. 

Set the release pressure of a rupture disk or other vent closure as close to the operating pressure as practical. Note that the maximum overpressure in a vented explosion will exceed the opening pressure of the vent closure. 

Are there any environmental, health and safety liabilities (for example, the facility failed to conduct an investigation following a serious accident) which may reasonably be expected to result in suspension or closure of any or all site operations or curtailment of production If yes, explain. 

Step 7 Write an Overall Material Balance. Remember that the P2 audit focuses on a unit process, but that there are individual unit operations that make up this process. The team will need to develop a series of material balances for each unit operation, and an overall material balance about the entire unit process, to bring closure to a solution of parameters of interest. The individual or component material balances developed may be summed to give a balance for the whole process, production area, or factory. 

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