In situ biodegradation

L. Semprini and co-workers, A Field Evaluation of In Situ Biodegradation for Aquifer Restoration, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, EPA/600/2-87/096, Washington, D.C., 1987. 

Madsen EL (1991) Determining in situ biodegradation. Facts and challenges. Environ Sci Technol 25 1663-1673. 

Thierrin J, GB Davis, C Barber (1995) A ground-water tracer test with deuterated compounds for monitoring in situ biodegradation and retardation of aromatic hydrocarbons. Ground Water 33 469-475. 

Aggarwal PK, ME Fuller, MM Gurgas, JF Manning, MA Dillon (1997) Use of stable oxygen and carbon isotope analyses for monitoring the pathways and rates of intrinsic and enhanced in situ biodegradation. 

Jeon CO, W Park, P Padmanabhan, C Derito, JR Snape, EL Madsen (2003) Discovery of a bacterium, with distinctive dioxygenase, that is responsible for in situ biodegradation in contaminated sediment. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 100 13591-13596. 

Cohen BA, LR Krumholz, H Kim, HE Hemond (1995) In-situ biodegradation of toluene in a contaminated stream. 2. Laboratory studies. Environ Sci Technol 29 117-125. 

Chlorinated solvents, polyaromatic hydrocarbons, and other organics can be resistant to in situ biodegradation or may take exceedingly long periods of time to degrade in many subsurface settings. 

Despite its humorous name, this technology is a fairly efficient procedure to combine the benefits of vacuum-enhanced recovery and bioventing to promote vapor recovery and in situ biodegradation. Integration of these technologies into a single step results in LNAPL recovery and remediation of residual soil contamination in the vadose zone. 

Three approaches have been recommended to obtain evidence for in situ biodegradation [71,343,344], including (1) quantitative determination of the pollutant of interest in samples collected at different times to show a decrease in its concentration over time, (2) lab oratory-based microbial degradation studies under conditions that mimic the environment to show the potential of biodegradation in the field, and (3) searching for a particular metabolite of biodegradation in samples collected from the field. Thus, without knowing the amount and nature of PAH inputs, it is impossible to estimate any biotic loss of PAHs. 

Jenal-Wanner, U., and P. L. McCarty, Development and evaluation of semi continuous slurry microcosms to simulate in situ biodegradation of trichloroethylene in contaminated aquifers , Environ. Sci. Technol., 31,2915-2922 (1997). 

Semprini, L., Roberts, P., Hopkins, G. McCarty, P. (1990). A field evaluation of in situ biodegradation of chlorinated ethenes Part 2, Results of biostimulation and biotransformation experiments. Ground Water, 28, 715—27. 

Acton, D. W. Barker, J.F. (1992). In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic groundmatets. Journal of Contaminant Hydrology, 9,325-52. Aelion, C.M. Bradley, P. M. (1991). Aerobic biodegradation potential of subsurface microorganisms from a jet fuel-contaminated aquifer. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57(1), 57-63. 

Lu, C.J. (1994). Effects of hydrogen peroxide on the in situ biodegradation of organic chemicals in a simulated groundwater system. In Hydrocarbon Bioremediation, ed. R. E. Hinchee et al., pp. 140-7. Boca Raton, FL CRC Press. 

Studies on the migration and in situ biodegradation of chlorobenzene in hazardous waste sites are being conducted in the laboratory of Perry McCarty and others. 

Electric fields use in soil restoration has been focused on contaminant extraction by their transport under electroosmosis and ionic migration. Contaminant extraction by electric fields is a successful technique for removal of ionic or mobile contaminants in the subsurface. However, this technique might not be effective in treatment of soils contaminated with immobile and/or trapped organics, such as dense non aqueous phase liquids (DNAPLs). For such organics, it is possible to use electric fields to stimulate in situ biodegradation under either aerobic or anaerobic conditions. It is necessary to evaluate the impact of dc electric fields on the biogeochemical interactions prior to application of the technique. It is not clear yet how dc electric fields will impact microbial adhesion and transport in the subsurface. Further, the effect of dc fields on the activity of microorganisms in a soil matrix is not yet well understood. 

P.K. Aggerwal, Methods to select chemicals for in-situ biodegradation of fuel hydrocarbons , Air Force Engineering and Services Centre, July 1990. 

Zipper C., SuterM. J.-F., Haderlein S. B., Gruhl M., and Kohler H.-P. E. (1998) Changes in the enantiomeric ratio of (R) to (S) mecoprop indicate in situ biodegradation of this chiral herbicide in a polluted aquifer. Environ. Sci. Technol. 32, 2070-2076. 

Acton D. W. and Barker J. F. (1992) In situ biodegradation potential of aromatic hydrocarbons in anaerobic ground-water. J. Contamin. Hydrol. 9, 325-352. 

Richnow H. H., Meckenstock R. U., AskL., Baun A., Ledin A., and Christensen T. H. (2003) In situ biodegradation determined by carbon isotope fractionation of aromatic hydrocarbons in an anaerobic landhll leachate plume (Vejen, Denmark). J. Contamin. Hydrol. 64, 59-72. 

Scholl M. A., CozzareUi I. M., Christenson S. C., Istok J., Jaeschke J., Ferree D. M., and Senko J. (2001) Measuring variability of in-situ biodegradation rates in a heterogeneous aquifer contaminated by landfill leachate. EOS, Trans., AGU 82(20), 146. 

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