Spiked sediment

Comment Use of spiked sediment and RMs but no details of the used RMs given. 

Hirsch, M.P. 1998a. Toxicity of silver sulfide-spiked sediments to the freshwater amphipod (Hyalella azteca). Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 601-604. 

Barber, T.R., D.J. Chappie, D.J. Duda, P.C. Fuchsman, and B.L. Finley. 1998. Using a spiked sediment bioassay to establish a no-effect concentration for dioxin exposure to the amphipod Ampelisca abdita. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 17 420-424. 

OECD (2004) Sediment-water chironomid toxicity test using spiked sediment. Test Guideline 218. OECD, Paris, doi 10.1787/9789264070264-en... 

Hirsch, M. P. (1998). Bioaccumulation of silver from laboratory-spiked sediments in the oligochaete (Lumbriculus variegatus), Environ. Toxicol. Chem., 17, 605-609. 

Lee [42] determined pentachlorophenol and 19 other chlorinated phenols in sediments. Acidified sediment samples were Soxhlet extracted (acetone-hexane), back extracted into potassium bicarbonate, acetylated with acetic anhydride and re-extracted into petroleum ether for gas chromatographic analysis using an electron capture or a mass spectrometric detector. Procedures were validated with spiked sediment samples at 100,10 and lng chlorophenols per g. Recoveries of monochlorophenols and polychlorophenols (including dichlorophenols) were 65-85% and 80-95%, respectively. However, chloromethyl phenols were less than 50% recovered and results for phenol itself were very variable. The estimated lower detection limit was about 0.2ng per g. 

Based on information by Fu et al. [219], other reactions include trans-chlorinations (migration of chlorine from PCDD to organic matter) and polymerizations, which have not been quantified. In spiked sediments from the Hudson and Passaic Rivers and sediment microorganisms, lesser-chlorinated products accounted for 10-15% of the decrease in octa-CDD. Hepta-, tetra-, tri-, and 2-mono-CDD congeners tend to dominate the dechlorination pattern [432, 433]. The microbial dechlorination sequence of octa-CDD is provided in Fig. 29 [432], which distinguishes a pathway via... 

In another set of experiments the effeet of exposure of field and cultured E. cordatum to tributyltin (TBT) spiked sediments was eompared. The results are presented in Fig 5. The meas ured eoneentrations of TBT in the spiked sediment after 14 days exposure ranged from 9.6 to 16,646 pg Sn/kg dry weight and eonsisted of 82 to 98 % of the nominal concentrations. TBT concentrations of 4,346 pg Sn/kg dry weight eaused 100% mortality in both field and cultured ii. cordatum. Cultured heart urehins are less sensitive to TBT spiked sediments than field urchins. Mortalities were observed at eoneentrations above 1,525 and 702 pg Sn/kg dw respectively for cultured and field E. cordatum. 

E. cordatum was 702 pg Sn/kg dry weight actual TBT concentration of in the spiked sediment,... 

TT spiked sediment, whole sediment I,I (Dave and Dennegard, 1994)... 

Barber, T.R., Fuchsman, P.C., Chappie, D.J., Sferra, J.C., Newton, F.C. and Sheehan, P.J. (1997) Toxicity of hexachlorobenzene to Hyallela azteca and Chironomus tentans in spiked sediment bioassays, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 16 (8), 1716-1720. 

Day, K.E., Maguire, R.J., Milani, D. and Batchelor, S.P. (1998) Toxicity of tributyltin to four species of freshwater benthic invertebrates using spiked sediment bioassays, Water Quality Research Journal of Canada 33 (1), 111-132. 

Fuchsman, PC., Barber, T.R. and Sheehan, P.J. (1998) Sediment toxicity evaluation for hexachlorobenzene spiked sediment tests with Leptocheirus plumulosus, Hyalella azteca, and Chironomus tentans, Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 35 (4), 573-579. 

Milani, D., Reynoldson, T.B., Borgmann, U. and Kolasa, J. (2003) The relative sensitivity of four benthic invertebrates to metals in spiked-sediment exposures and application to contaminated field sediment, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 22 (4), 845-854. 

OECD (2001a) Proposal for a new guideline 218 Sediment-water Chironomid toxicity test using spiked sediment, OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), Washington, DC (2003-12-23) http //www.oecd.Org/dataoecd/40/3/2739721. pdf. 

Pasteris, A., Vecchi, M., Reynoldson, T.B. and Bonomi, G. (2003) Toxicity of copper-spiked sediments to Tubifex tubifex (Oligochaeta, Tubificidae) a comparison of the 28-day reproductive bioassay with a 6-month cohort experiment, Aquatic Toxicology 65 (3), 253-265. 

Lamberson, J.O. and Swartz, R.C. (1992) Spiked-sediment toxicity test approach, in Sediment Classification Compendium, EPA 823-R-92-006, U.S. EPA, Office ofWater, Washington, DC. 

Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (2000a) Draft Guideline for the Testing of Chemicals. Section 2 - Effects on Biotic Systems. 2181219 - Sediment-water Chironomid Test using Spiked Sediment. OECD, Paris. 

The programme to improve the quality control of organotin determinations in environmental matrices started in 1988 [9] by a consultation of European experts. It was decided to follow a stepwise approach for the evaluation of the performance of methods used in butyltin analyses. The overall programme consisted in a series of interlaboratory studies which started by an intercomparison on organotins in solutions followed by an intercomparison on a TBT-spiked sediment. 

Although the analytical methods involving hydride generation were successfully applied in the interlaboratory study on TBT in spiked sediment [9], it was concluded that the low TBT mass fractions and the complicated matrix did not allow the use of... 

Poorer extraction recoveries for TBT in CRM 462 were often observed in comparison to recoveries obtained from other sediment materials. Some laboratories found lower recoveries if the spike was allowed to equilibrate longer. The previous interlaboratory exercise on TBT-spiked sediment had identified the need to allow spikes to equilibrate at least overnight to get a realistic assessment of extraction recoveries. 

The rate of accumulation of PAHs from spiked sediments by Dipor-eia sp. could not be predicted from measurements of partitioning between interstitial water and sediment particles (Landrum et al. 1991). 

The dynamics of transport from the aqueous phase into biota, into sediments, and into the atmosphere are cardinal determinants of the dissemination of xenobiotics after discharge. For the aquatic phase, the complexity of the situation that may prevail in natural ecosystems may be illustrated by two apparently conflicting results from laboratory experiments using the same compound. The results of experiments in which fathead minnows (Pime-phales promelas), the worm (Lumbriculus variegatus), and two amphipods were exposed to hexachlorobenzene in water and in spiked sediment suggested that the sediment was a more efficient sink than the biota (Schuytema et al. 

---