Enemas containers

Jensen-Jarolim, E., Reider, N., Fritsch, R., and Breiteneder, H. 1998. Fatal outcome of anaphylaxis to chamomile-containing enema during labor A case study. J. Allergy Cliln. Immunol. 102, 1041-1042. 

Medications are another cause of hyperphosphatemia. Excessive intravenous or oral administration of phosphorus is an obvious potential cause of elevated serum phosphate concentrations. Phosphate-containing enemas increase concentrations, especially in those with renal insufficiency. Intravenous or oral vitamin D therapy can increase absorption of phosphorus in the gastrointestinal tract by up to 50%. Bisphosphonate therapy is associated with increased serum phosphate concentrations. Acute phosphorus poisoning as a result of ingestion of laundry detergents is a rare and often unrecognized cause of elevated phosphate concentrations. 

Enemas commonly are employed either by themselves or as adjuncts to bowel preparation regimens to empty the distal colon or rectum of retained solid material. Bowel distention by any means will produce an evacuation reflex in most people, and almost any form of enema, including normal saline solution, can achieve this. Specialized enemas contain additional substances that either are osmoticaUy active or irritant however, their safety and efficacy have not been studied in a rigorous manner. Repeated enemas with tap water or other hypotonic solutions can cause hyponatremia repeated enemas with sodium phosphate-containing solution can cause hypocalcemia. Phosphate-containing enemas also are known to alter the appearance of rectal mucosa. 

A 13-year-old boy with Costello syndrome (neonatal macrosomia with subsequent slow growth, developmental delay, coarse facial dysmorphisms, gingival hyperplasia, skeletal anomalies, and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy) and chronic constipation developed signs and symptoms of acute renal insufficiency, after having received four phosphate-containing enemas (125 ml containing sodium... 

Lower G.l. series—This series requires that the patient be given a barium-containing enema to outline his or her colon. X-ray photographs are then taken before and after the enema is expelled. 

Rectum. Local treatment of conditions and diseases of the rectum, including hemorrhoids and local inflammation, usually involves dmg-containing suppositories or enemas. 

Fig. 8. Inhibition of bacterial translocation by rifaximin in the rat. Results of bacteriological culture (for aerobic and anaerobic bacteria) of tissues and biological fluids obtained from rats with taurocholate-induced ANP. Bars represent the percentage of positive biological samples. Horizontal lines are standard errors. Animals of group A received no treatment, while those of group B were given an enema of 30 ml warmed saline containing rifaximin (20 mg/kg) 1 h prior the induction of ANP (from Marotta et al. [196]).

Lactulose may be given as a retention enema via a rectal balloon catheter. Do not use cleansing enemas containing soap suds or other alkaline agents. 

Enemas may contain water, salts, soap, mineral detergent (docusate potassium), or hypertonic (sorbitol, sodium phosphate-biphosphate) fluids. These are convenient and generally safe for short-term use. Many of these solutions irritate the mucosa and may produce excessive mucus in the stool. Excessive use of these enema products may result in water intoxication and hyponatremia. 

The active ingredient in the rectal suspension enema, a disposable (60 mL) unit, is mesalamine, also known as 5-aminosalicylic acid. Each rectal suspension enema unit contains 4 g of mesalamine. In addition to mesalamine, the preparation contains the inactive ingredients carbomer 934P, edetate disodium, potassium acetate, potassium met-... 

Each rectal suspension enema unit contains 4 g of mesalamine. In addition to mesalamine, the preparation contains the inactive ingredients carbomer 934P, edetate... 

ANTACIDS - MAGNESIUM- CONTAINING SODIUM POLYSTYRENE SULPHONATE Cases of metabolic alkalosis Uncertain possibly absorption of bicarbonate due to its abnormal neutralization in the stomach Consider an alternative antacid or administer sodium polystyrene sulphonate as an enema. If both need to be co administered orally, monitor U Es and blood gases closely... 

The normal range of free inorganic phosphate, in plasma, is expressed as 2.0-4.3 mg phosphorus/1(K) ml. Hyperphosphatemia is defined as the condition where plasma phosphate levels rise above 5.0 mg phosphorus/100 ml. Hyperphosphatemia can result from overuse of laxatives or enemas that contain phosphate. Phosphate enemas are used in the hospital prior to examinations of the intestines for disease, such as colon cancer. However, hyperphosphatemia has occurred in the home situation with accidental drinking of enema formulas. Enema drinking... 

Enemas These are available as solutions (aqueous or oily) as well as suspensions for rectal administration of drugs for cleaning, diagnostic, or therapeutic effect. Lotions These are available as solutions and suspensions to be applied topically without friction. They may either contain humectant, so that moisture is retained on the skin after application, or alcohol, which evaporates quickly imparting a cooling sensation to the skin. 

Bollen P, Goossens A, Hauser B, Vandenplas Y. Colonic ulcerations caused by an enema containing hydrogen peroxide. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998 26(2) 232-3. 

The Austrian Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory Committee received three reports of severe electroljde disturbances associated with an oral bowel-cleansing solution containing sodium phosphate solution (Fleet Phospho-Soda Buffered Saline Laxative Mixture), used as a bowel preparation for colonoscopy (5). Prescribers are advised to be aware of complications of the use of phosphate enemas, particularly in infants, elderly or debilitated patients, patients with congestive heart failure, and patients with impaired renal function. 

The leaves of Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) contain the toxic alkaloid, nicotine as a major constituent and several other pyridine alkaloids as minor constituents. Although tobacco enemas have been abandoned in official medicine because of their life-threatening toxicity, unorthodox self-... 

Rose described the toxicity of the senecio plant in 1972 [24]. It is the most common plant species to contain the pyrolizidine alkaloids. Toxicity includes hepatic necrosis and later intrahepatic veno-occlusion. A major secondary component is ATN. There are over 50 species of senecio plants in the south east of South Africa. The plants are used extensively as enemas and purgatives. Rose mentions that, despite the deaths resulting from the use of these plants, the local inhabitants are not aware of the danger these plants pose to their well-being. 

Saline Sodium biphosphate Magnesium citrate Dibasic sodium Phosphate enemas 0.5-3 Nonabsorbable cations and anions increase osmotic gradient in the gut, drawing in water, causing distention that stimulates peristalsis. Oral phosphate salts contain -96.5 mEq of Na+. Use with caution in Na+-restricted patients. Use only for acute bowel evacuation. 

Therapeutically, emulsions containing peanut oil have been used in nutrition regimens, in enemas as a fecal softener, and in otic drops to soften ear wax. It is also administered orally, usually with sorbitol, as a gall bladder evacuant prior to cholecystography. 

Because terrorist-caused bomlism would most likely be food-borne or inhala-tional, acceptable specimens include feces, gastric aspirate/vomitus, serum, suspected food, and environmental samples (37). Feces, gastric aspirates, or vomitus may be helpful for detecting both food-borne and inhalational botulinum toxin. A walnut-sized, 10-50 g stool sample, placed in a sterile, unbreakable, carefully labeled container, should be sufficient. Enemas are an acceptable alternative for constipated patients. To avoid diluting the toxin and confounding the mouse bioassay, a minimal amount of sterile, nonbacteriostatic water should be used. A 20 ml sample, placed in a sterile, unbreakable, carefully labeled container, should be sufficient. Similarly, 20 ml of gastric aspirate and vomitus, placed in the same type of container, is appropriate. 

Oral or intravenous administration Phosphate-containing laxatives or enemas Increased extracellular phosphate load Transcellular shift Lactic acidosis Respiratory acidosis Untreated diabetic ketoacidosis Cell lysis... 

A 35-yr-old pregnant woman was administered an enema containing glycerol and Kamillosan , an oily chamomile flower extract, during labor. Ten minutes later, she experienced nausea. Twenty-five minutes after administration,... 

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